(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one profile

Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	16218996
CHEMBL ID	1881863
CHEBI ID	94337

Synonym
MLS002153387
HMS3394E17
beclomethasone, >=99%
MLS001333211 ,
MLS001333212
MLS001424231
smr000466920
beclomethasone
HMS2052E17
HMS2232J17
CCG-101129
HMS3372K11
NC00379
CHEMBL1881863
CHEBI:94337
Q27166163
(9r)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
PD003135
(9r)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Tests of adrenal function suggest that beclomethasone dipropionate at dosages of 400 to 800 mug daily has little or no adverse effect."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate inhaler: a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic value and adverse effects. I: Asthma. Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Pinder, RM; Sawyer, PR; Speight, TM, 1975)	0.25
" Inhaled beclomethasone is a safe and effective drug for chronic administration to asthmatic patients, and in 78% of our subjects the need for systemic steroids was substantially reduced or eliminated."	( Safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in steroid-dependent asthma. Baumal, R; Broder, I; Corey, PN; Davies, GM; Leznoff, A; Mintz, S; Sturgess, J; Tarlo, SM; Thomas, P, 1987)	0.27
" Adverse effects are rarely if ever associated with short courses of steroids used for this purpose."	( Safety of oral corticosteroids. Weinberger, M, 1982)	0.26
" Safety was assessed by recording all adverse events and by performing routine biochemistry and haematology screens including plasma cortisol concentration before and after treatment."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of inhaled fluticasone propionate 200 micrograms/day with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate 400 micrograms/day in mild and moderate asthma. Gillies, E; Gold, M; Gustafsson, P; Primhak, R; Radford, M; Tsanakas, J, 1993)	0.29
" In comparison with earlier corticosteroids (eg, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, betamethasone) that caused adrenal suppression and other systemic adverse reactions, the actions of new corticosteroids, including beclomethasone dipropionate, are confined to the site of application."	( Effectiveness and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate, an intranasal corticosteroid, in the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis. Edwards, TB, )	0.13
" The use of spacer devices and mouth rinsing may reduce local and systemic adverse effects."	( [Concerns about adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids]. Hasegawa, T; Ishihara, K; Matsumoto, H, 1996)	0.29
" No adverse clinical or laboratory events were observed."	( Pulmonary delivery of beclomethasone liposome aerosol in volunteers. Tolerance and safety. Black, MB; Eschenbacher, W; Gilbert, BE; Knight, CM; Knight, V; Scherer, PW; Waldrep, JC, 1997)	0.3
" There were no marked differences between the Cyclocaps and Rotacaps group in symptom scores and adverse events."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation capsules inhaled by Cyclohaler compared with Becotide Rotacaps inhaled by Rotahaler. Blom-Ross, ME; de Vos, D; Eelhart, J; Goedhart, DM; Guelen, PJ; Lansdorp, D; Vink-van Wijngaarden, T, 1998)	0.3
"To appraise the data on systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids."	( Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipworth, BJ, 1999)	0.3
"All inhaled corticosteroids exhibit dose-related systemic adverse effects, although these are less than with a comparable dose of oral corticosteroids."	( Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipworth, BJ, 1999)	0.3
" Pulmonary function, symptom control, frequency of asthma exacerbations, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine challenge, and adverse events were assessed."	( A six-month, placebo-controlled comparison of the safety and efficacy of salmeterol or beclomethasone for persistent asthma. Emmett, AH; Grossman, J; Nathan, RA; Pinnas, JL; Rickard, KA; Schwartz, HJ; Yancey, SW, 1999)	0.3
" In asthmatic patients withholding bronchodilators, the new HFA-134a BDP propellant system proved as safe and was as well tolerated as the current CFC-11/12 BDP system."	( Acute safety of beclomethasone dipropionate in a new CFC-free propellant system in asthmatic patients. Ayres, JG; Simmons, JL; Stampone, P, 1999)	0.3
" No statistically significant differences in serum osteocalcin levels or adverse events were seen during the study or in AM plasma cortisol levels at month 12."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of a chlorofluorocarbon-free beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol. Cohen, RM; Demedts, M; Fireman, P; Mol, SJ; Prenner, BM; Vincken, W, 2001)	0.31
"It is concluded that, at the doses studied and with the delivery devices used clinically, FP is at least as effective as BDP/BUD in the management of severe asthma and may offer clinical advantages with respect to steroid-related adverse effects."	( Improved safety with equivalent asthma control in adults with chronic severe asthma on high-dose fluticasone propionate. Berend, N; Kellett, B; Kent, N; Sly, PD, 2001)	0.31
" Montelukast represents a safe and effective asthma treatment regimen to which children with asthma are more likely to adhere."	( Oral montelukast versus inhaled beclomethasone in 6- to 11-year-old children with asthma: results of an open-label extension study evaluating long-term safety, satisfaction, and adherence with therapy. Dueñas-Meza, E; Kosa, L; Leff, JA; Maspero, JF; Pinacho Daza, C; Volovitz, B; Vrijens, F, 2001)	0.31
"Beklometasone dipropionate in high doses for 8 weeks is effective and safe against BA."	( [Efficacy and safety of high doses of beclomethasone dipropionate in patients with bronchial asthma]. Emel'ianov, AV; Katysheva, NS; Krasnoshchekova, OI; Shubin, SA; Trendeleva, TE, 2002)	0.31
" An added built-in spacer has reduced oropharyngeal deposition that may result in fewer adverse events and make it easier to use."	( One-year trial on safety and normal linear growth with flunisolide HFA in children with asthma. Anolik, R; Gillman, SA; Newman, K; Schenkel, E, 2002)	0.31
" Adverse events were collected for the total study period."	( Equivalent efficacy and safety of a new HFA-134a formulation of BDP compared with the conventional CFC in adult asthmatics. Addlestone, R; Anderson, PB; Cantini, L; Jones, J; Langley, SJ; Mooney, P; Rossetti, A, 2002)	0.31
" A total of 25 and 26 patients in the BDP nebulization and BDP MDI groups, respectively reported adverse events during the treatment period, and these were generally mild."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of beclometasone dipropionate suspension for nebulization and beclometasone dipropionate via a metered-dose inhaler in paediatric patients with moderate to severe exacerbation of asthma. Bisca, N; Cernatescu, I; Dragomir, D; Iacomi, A; Mirceau, M; Orascanu, D, 2003)	0.32
"A total of 19 patients in each group reported adverse events during the treatment period, and these were generally mild-moderate in severity."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of high doses of beclometasone dipropionate suspension for nebulization and beclometasone dipropionate via a metered-dose inhaler in steroid-dependent adults with moderate to severe asthma. Grzelewska-Rzymowska, I; Kroczynska-Bednarek, J; Zarkovic, J, 2003)	0.32
" Only 11 adverse events were reported, and no serious adverse events were related to treatment."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of nebulized beclometasone dipropionate and budesonide in severe persistent childhood asthma. Clerson, P; Delacourt, C; Dutau, G; Lefrançois, G, 2003)	0.32
"The incidence of adverse events in patients treated with omalizumab for 52 weeks was similar to those treated for 28 weeks in the core trial, which was generally comparable with placebo."	( Evaluation of long-term safety of the anti-IgE antibody, omalizumab, in children with allergic asthma. Berger, W; Fowler-Taylor, A; Gupta, N; McAlary, M, 2003)	0.32
"Long-term treatment with omalizumab is safe and well tolerated in children with allergic asthma."	( Evaluation of long-term safety of the anti-IgE antibody, omalizumab, in children with allergic asthma. Berger, W; Fowler-Taylor, A; Gupta, N; McAlary, M, 2003)	0.32
" Respiratory function parameters, clinical symptoms, concomitant intake of salbutamol or fenoterol, adverse events (AEs), laboratory values, and concomitant medications and diseases were recorded."	( Efficacy, safety, and acceptance of beclomethasone dipropionate administered via a new dry powder Inhaler or a standard CFC metered-dose inhaler in asthma patients. Köhler, S; Kunkel, G; Lemmnitz, G; Noga, O; Schäper, C; Schläfke, S, )	0.13
"HFA-BDP 800 microg/day has a systemic adverse event profile comparable to that of CFC-BDP 1500 microg/day, and further control of asthma symptoms may be achieved after a switch from CFC-BDP 1500 microg/day to HFA-BDP 800 microg/day."	( Safety and efficacy of HFA-134a beclomethasone dipropionate extra-fine aerosol over six months. Boulet, LP; Cartier, A; Ernst, P; Larivée, P; Laviolette, M, 2004)	0.32
" QVAR appears to be well tolerated in children with no clinically relevant adverse effects on adrenal function, bone metabolism or growth at recommended doses."	( The efficacy and safety of QVAR (hydrofluoroalkane-beclometasone diproprionate extrafine aerosol) in asthma (Part 2): Clinical experience in children. Donnell, D; van Schayck, CP, 2004)	0.32
" Efficacy was assessed by changes in symptoms, number of times beta2-agonist was used and results of pulmonary function tests (PEF and FEV1) while safety was assessed by adverse event experiences."	( A single blinded randomised trial to compare the efficacy and safety of once daily budesonide (400microg) administered by turbuhaler with beclomethasone dipropionate (400microg) given twice daily through a metered-dose inhaler in patients with mild to mod Ige, OM; Sogaolu, OM, 2004)	0.32
" Cross-sectional survey results showed significant differences in side effect perception between the four dosage groups for 31 items (all P0."	( Higher patient perceived side effects related to higher daily doses of inhaled corticosteroids in the community: a cross-sectional analysis. Aucott, L; Foster, JM; Postma, DS; Schraa, G; van der Meijden, MJ; van der Molen, T; van der Werf, RH, 2006)	0.33
" Treatment guidelines, review articles, controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews evaluating the efficacy and the adverse events of treatment with ICS were selected."	( Inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory allergy: safety vs. efficacy. Rizzo, MC; Solé, D, 2006)	0.33
" The most documented adverse effect is transitory decrease of growth rate."	( Inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory allergy: safety vs. efficacy. Rizzo, MC; Solé, D, 2006)	0.33
" When administered in low doses, they seem to be safe and effective."	( Inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory allergy: safety vs. efficacy. Rizzo, MC; Solé, D, 2006)	0.33
" We found sufficient evidence to support the suspicion that hypertrichosis might be a true adverse effect of ICS."	( Hypertrichosis as a side effect of inhaled steroids in children. de Jong-Van den Berg, LT; de Langen-Wouterse, JJ; de Vries, TW; Duiverman, EJ, 2007)	0.34
"Although conventional glucocorticosteroids are the main treatments for active Crohn's disease, several problems are associated with steroid dependence and steroid-related adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of oral beclomethasone dipropionate for ileal or ileal-right colon Crohn's disease of mild-to-moderate activity or in remission: Retrospective study. Astegiano, M; Bertolusso, L; Bonardi, R; Bresso, F; Demarchi, B; Marconi, S; Pagano, N; Pellicano, R; Rizzetto, M; Sapone, N; Simondi, D, 2007)	0.34
" There was no difference in adverse events between the groups."	( Efficacy and safety of inhaled ciclesonide compared with chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate in adults with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Adachi, M; Inoue, H; Ishihara, K; Kato, R; Kudo, K; Masuda, K; Miyamoto, T; Morita, Y; Sakai, T; Takahashi, K, 2007)	0.34
" Ciclesonide at doses of 400 microg/day and 800 microg/day was safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of inhaled ciclesonide compared with chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate in adults with moderate to severe persistent asthma. Adachi, M; Inoue, H; Ishihara, K; Kato, R; Kudo, K; Masuda, K; Miyamoto, T; Morita, Y; Sakai, T; Takahashi, K, 2007)	0.34
" We also investigated differential associations due to side effect type (subjective versus observable side effects) and treatment impact (i."	( Personality influences the reporting of side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma patients. Foster, JM; Mueller, T; Sanderman, R; van der Molen, T; van Sonderen, E, 2008)	0.35
" A total of 94% and 100% of MFNS and BDP subjects, respectively, reported adverse events (AEs), which were mostly mild or moderate."	( Mometasone furoate nasal spray is safe and effective for 1-year treatment of children with perennial allergic rhinitis. Meltzer, EO; Ratner, PH; Teper, A, 2009)	0.35
" The primary safety variable was the incidence of adverse events."	( Long-term safety of mometasone furoate administered via a dry powder inhaler in children: Results of an open-label study comparing mometasone furoate with beclomethasone dipropionate in children with persistent asthma. Corren, J; Leflein, J; Noonan, M; Staudinger, H, 2009)	0.35
"The incidence of adverse events was similar in all 3 treatment groups."	( Long-term safety of mometasone furoate administered via a dry powder inhaler in children: Results of an open-label study comparing mometasone furoate with beclomethasone dipropionate in children with persistent asthma. Corren, J; Leflein, J; Noonan, M; Staudinger, H, 2009)	0.35
"Both MF-DPI doses were well tolerated, with no unusual or unexpected adverse events or safety concerns, and had a similar adverse event profile to that of BDP-MDI 168 microg BID."	( Long-term safety of mometasone furoate administered via a dry powder inhaler in children: Results of an open-label study comparing mometasone furoate with beclomethasone dipropionate in children with persistent asthma. Corren, J; Leflein, J; Noonan, M; Staudinger, H, 2009)	0.35
" Recent studies, which evaluated topical and systemic adverse events associated with ciclesonide (CIC), fluticasone furoate (FF), mometasone furoate (MF), triamcinolone acetonide, fluticasone propionate, budesonide, and beclomethasone dipropionate were summarized."	( Safety update regarding intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Blaiss, MS, )	0.13
" As part of the development program, this dose-ranging study evaluated three doses of BDP nasal aerosol to determine the optimally safe and effective dose for adolescent and adult patients (≥12 years old) with seasonal AR (SAR)."	( Efficacy, safety, and optimal dose selection of beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol for seasonal allergic rhinitis in adolescents and adults. Berger, WE; Finn, AF; Kelley, L; Prenner, BM; Raphael, GD; Tantry, SK, 2013)	0.39
"These data indicate that 320 µg/day of BDP nasal aerosol is the optimally safe and effective dose for the treatment of SAR in adolescent and adult patients."	( Efficacy, safety, and optimal dose selection of beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol for seasonal allergic rhinitis in adolescents and adults. Berger, WE; Finn, AF; Kelley, L; Prenner, BM; Raphael, GD; Tantry, SK, 2013)	0.39
"To describe and characterize local adverse effects (in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx) associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) in patients with moderate or severe asthma."	( Local adverse effects associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with moderate or severe asthma. Almeida, NR; Costa, LA; Marques, TS; Pinto, CR; Souza-Machado, A; Yamamura, LL, )	0.13
" Local adverse effects (irritation, pain, dry throat, throat clearing, hoarseness, reduced vocal intensity, loss of voice, sensation of thirst, cough during ICS use, altered sense of taste, and presence of oral candidiasis) were assessed using a 30-day recall questionnaire."	( Local adverse effects associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with moderate or severe asthma. Almeida, NR; Costa, LA; Marques, TS; Pinto, CR; Souza-Machado, A; Yamamura, LL, )	0.13
"5%) reported at least one adverse effect, and 131 (65."	( Local adverse effects associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with moderate or severe asthma. Almeida, NR; Costa, LA; Marques, TS; Pinto, CR; Souza-Machado, A; Yamamura, LL, )	0.13
"Self-reported adverse effects related to ICS use were common among the asthma patients evaluated here."	( Local adverse effects associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with moderate or severe asthma. Almeida, NR; Costa, LA; Marques, TS; Pinto, CR; Souza-Machado, A; Yamamura, LL, )	0.13
" Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol has been shown to be safe and effective in adolescents and adults with AR."	( Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol in pediatric patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Amar, NJ; Ding, Y; Kelley, L; Mansfield, LE; Segall, N; Storms, WW; Tantry, SK, 2013)	0.39
" The incidence of adverse events from BDP nasal aerosol was comparable to that from placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol in pediatric patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Amar, NJ; Ding, Y; Kelley, L; Mansfield, LE; Segall, N; Storms, WW; Tantry, SK, 2013)	0.39
" Incidence of most adverse events with BDP nasal aerosol was similar to that with placebo, except for epistaxis, which occurred more frequently with active treatment."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol. Andrews, CP; Chylack, LT; Ding, Y; Shah, SR; Tankelevich, A; Tantry, SK; Weinstein, SF, )	0.13
" Safety was assessed by adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by breath-actuated or metered-dose inhaler for persistent asthma. Amar, NJ; Kerwin, EM; Li, J; Moss, MH; Small, CJ, 2016)	0.43
" The most common adverse events (>5% in any group) were oral candidiasis and upper respiratory tract infection."	( Safety and efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate delivered by breath-actuated or metered-dose inhaler for persistent asthma. Amar, NJ; Kerwin, EM; Li, J; Moss, MH; Small, CJ, 2016)	0.43
"The risk of corticosteroid-associated adverse events can limit the use of systemic corticosteroids."	( Safety Considerations with the Use of Corticosteroids and Biologic Therapies in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis. Cross, RK, 2017)	0.46
" In patients with mild-to-moderate UC, short-term (4-8 wk) oral beclomethasone dipropionate or oral budesonide multimatrix system demonstrated safety profiles comparable with placebo with few corticosteroid-related adverse events reported."	( Safety Considerations with the Use of Corticosteroids and Biologic Therapies in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis. Cross, RK, 2017)	0.46
" The rates of adverse events (AE), serious AEs, and steroid-related side-effects are similar to placebo and mesalamine and slightly inferior to traditional corticosteroids."	( The safety of beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Calabrese, C; Calafiore, A; Campieri, M; Gionchetti, P; Mazza, M; Rizzello, F; Salice, M, 2018)	0.48
" All the treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild and no severe TEAE was reported."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of a novel extrafine BDP/FF/GB combination delivered via metered-dose inhaler in healthy Chinese subjects. Hu, C; Luo, Z; Miao, J; Shu, S; Wang, Y; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" BDP/FF/GB pMDI was safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of a novel extrafine BDP/FF/GB combination delivered via metered-dose inhaler in healthy Chinese subjects. Hu, C; Luo, Z; Miao, J; Shu, S; Wang, Y; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" However, an increase in serious adverse events with the use of both regular formoterol and regular salmeterol (long-acting beta₂-agonists) compared with placebo for chronic asthma has been demonstrated in previous Cochrane Reviews."	( Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cates, CJ; O'Shea, O; Stovold, E, 2021)	0.62
"To assess risks of mortality and non-fatal serious adverse events in trials that have randomised patients with chronic asthma to regular formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid."	( Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cates, CJ; O'Shea, O; Stovold, E, 2021)	0.62
" We sought unpublished data on mortality and serious adverse events from study sponsors and authors."	( Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cates, CJ; O'Shea, O; Stovold, E, 2021)	0.62
" In all, 201 adults reported non-fatal serious adverse events."	( Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cates, CJ; O'Shea, O; Stovold, E, 2021)	0.62
" Evidence on all-cause non-fatal serious adverse events indicates that there is probably little to no difference between formoterol/budesonide and salmeterol/fluticasone inhalers."	( Regular treatment with formoterol and an inhaled corticosteroid versus regular treatment with salmeterol and an inhaled corticosteroid for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cates, CJ; O'Shea, O; Stovold, E, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" BUD was rapidly absorbed from the lung, and its plasma elimination half-life was about 3 hr."	( Pharmacokinetics of butixocort 21-propionate, budesonide, and beclomethasone dipropionate in the rat after intratracheal, intravenous, and oral treatments. Chanoine, F; Grenot, C; Heidmann, P; Junien, JL, )	0.13
" For the total doses of 400, 800, and 1600 micrograms studied over 12 h, Cmax and AUC increased in a ratio of 1:1."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of beclomethasone from three strengths of a CFC-free beclomethasone dipropionate metered-dose inhaler. Chang, SF; Cline, A; Dahl, DR; Harrison, LI; Kannianinen, C; Machacek, J; Nelson, J; Purrington, A, 1997)	0.3
" The HFA-BDP MDI was studied in three pharmacokinetic trials in asthmatic patients."	( Effect of changing the fine particle mass of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on intrapulmonary deposition and pharmacokinetics. Harrison, LI; Seale, JP, 1998)	0.3
"The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of BDP and budesonide are somewhat different, but the overall result is that both are well suited for use as inhaled corticosteroids."	( Comparative physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and budesonide. Boobis, AR, 1998)	0.3
" A non-linear correlation between 24-h urinary free cortisol and the pharmacokinetic parameters was observed, reflecting smaller changes in 24-h urinary free cortisol than in pharmacokinetics as the dose was increased."	( Adrenal effects and pharmacokinetics of CFC-free beclomethasone dipropionate: a 14-day dose-response study. Colice, GL; Dockhorn, R; Donnell, D; Harrison, LI; Soria, I, 1999)	0.3
"To compare the pharmacokinetic profile of Beclazone (beclomethasone dipropionate) in its chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based and CFC-free formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate. Jackson, CM; Lipworth, BJ, 1999)	0.3
"The tmax was significantly (P<0."	( Pharmacokinetics of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate. Jackson, CM; Lipworth, BJ, 1999)	0.3
" Following a 400 microg beclomethasone dipropionate dose, the HFA formulation gave mean maximum concentrations (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) values of beclomethasone esters of 1153 pg mL(-1) and 4328 pg h mL(-1), respectively, and beclomethasone Cmax and AUC values of 69 pg mL(-1) and 682 pg h mL(-1), respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic differences between chlorofluorocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-free metered dose inhalers of beclomethasone dipropionate in adult asthmatics. Cline, AC; Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Soria, I, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic profiles for three powders were dissolution-modulated."	( Mucoadhesive beclomethasone microspheres for powder inhalation: their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics evaluation. Kinoshita, W; Makino, Y; Sakagami, M; Sakon, K; Sato, J, 2002)	0.31
" The log-transformed pharmacokinetic data were compared using a confidence-interval approach."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol from two inhaler devices in children with asthma. Chen, LZ; Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Kurup, S; Shapiro, GG; Wighton, TG, 2002)	0.31
"Almost all the BDP-derived material in the plasma was the active metabolite beclomethasone 17-monopropionate; pharmacokinetic analyses were only performed for this metabolite."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol from two inhaler devices in children with asthma. Chen, LZ; Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Kurup, S; Shapiro, GG; Wighton, TG, 2002)	0.31
" The log-transformed pharmacokinetic data were compared for proportionality equivalence using a confidence-interval approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of beclomethasone 17-monopropionate from a beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol in adults with asthma. Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Kaiser, HB; Kurup, S; Larson, JS; Wagner, C, 2002)	0.31
" Due to low levels, neither elimination half-life ( t(1/2)) nor the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for 17-BMP could be calculated for the 100-microg BDP doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of beclomethasone 17-monopropionate from a beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol in adults with asthma. Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Kaiser, HB; Kurup, S; Larson, JS; Wagner, C, 2002)	0.31
" Single dose pharmacokinetic studies in both healthy volunteers and asthmatic patients compared systemic exposure (B17MP levels) for BDP-CFC with BDP Modulite and extrafine BDP-HFA (QVAR)."	( Modulite technology: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic implications. Acerbi, D; Poli, G; Woodcock, A, 2002)	0.31
"We set out to evaluate lung deposition, systemic availability, and basic pharmacokinetic parameters of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) in children with chronic asthma."	( Influence of particle size on lung deposition and pharmacokinetics of beclomethasone dipropionate in children. Agertoft, L; Harrison, LI; Laulund, LW; Pedersen, S, 2003)	0.32
" Scintigraphic and pharmacokinetic studies indicate a higher lung deposition for both the Qvar and the Beclazone formulations, compared with reference beclometasone dipropionate formulation."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of inhaled beclometasone dipropionate delivered via hydrofluoroalkane-containing devices. Derom, E; Pauwels, RA, 2005)	0.33
"Plasma concentrations of beclomethasone 17-monopropionate (17-BMP),a major metabolite of BDP, following an inhaled dose of HFA-BDP (200 microg as four inhalations from 50 microg/actuation) in five Japanese children with bronchial asthma were quantified and analyzed by a non-compartmental analysis to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of beclomethasone dipropionate in an hydrofluoroalkane-134a propellant system in Japanese children with bronchial asthma. Aoki, M; Fukao, T; Hosoi, K; Kondo, N; Matsui, E; Mikawa, H; Teramoto, T; Terauchi, Y; Tomita, Y, 2006)	0.33
"Urinary pharmacokinetic methods have been identified to determine the relative lung and systemic bioavailability after an inhalation."	( Urinary pharmacokinetic methodology to determine the relative lung bioavailability of inhaled beclometasone dipropionate. Chrystyn, H; Harding, LP; Said, AS, 2012)	0.38
"The urinary pharmacokinetic methodology to determine the relative lung and systemic bioavailability post inhalation, using 30 min and cumulative 24 h post inhalation samples, applies to BDP."	( Urinary pharmacokinetic methodology to determine the relative lung bioavailability of inhaled beclometasone dipropionate. Chrystyn, H; Harding, LP; Said, AS, 2012)	0.38
" However, the pharmacokinetic profile of BDP HFA nasal aerosol has not been previously investigated."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of beclomethasone dipropionate hydrofluoroalkane after intranasal administration versus oral inhalation in healthy subjects: results of a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 3-period crossover study. Dorinsky, PM; Dunbar, SA; Melchior, A; Ratner, PH; Tantry, SK, 2012)	0.38
" The primary pharmacokinetic parameters assessed were area under the concentration-time curve until the last measurable value (AUC(last)) and C(max) for 17-BMP."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of beclomethasone dipropionate hydrofluoroalkane after intranasal administration versus oral inhalation in healthy subjects: results of a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 3-period crossover study. Dorinsky, PM; Dunbar, SA; Melchior, A; Ratner, PH; Tantry, SK, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic results for BDP were similar to those seen for 17-BMP."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of beclomethasone dipropionate hydrofluoroalkane after intranasal administration versus oral inhalation in healthy subjects: results of a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 3-period crossover study. Dorinsky, PM; Dunbar, SA; Melchior, A; Ratner, PH; Tantry, SK, 2012)	0.38
" Blood was collected pre-dose up to 8 h post-dose for pharmacokinetic evaluation (AUC(0,t), AUC(0,∞), AUC(0,0."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of inhaled fixed combination vs. the free combination of beclomethasone and formoterol pMDIs in asthmatic children. Acerbi, D; Bisgaard, A; Bisgaard, H; Chawes, BL; Ciurlia, G; Deleuran, M; Dossing, A; Kreiner-Møller, E; Mortensen, L; Nilson, E; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Poorisrisak, P; Samandari, N; Sergio, F; Skytt, NL; Vissing, NH, 2013)	0.39
" All pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic end points showed non-superiority in favour of the test drug."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of inhaled fixed combination vs. the free combination of beclomethasone and formoterol pMDIs in asthmatic children. Acerbi, D; Bisgaard, A; Bisgaard, H; Chawes, BL; Ciurlia, G; Deleuran, M; Dossing, A; Kreiner-Møller, E; Mortensen, L; Nilson, E; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Poorisrisak, P; Samandari, N; Sergio, F; Skytt, NL; Vissing, NH, 2013)	0.39
"BDP and formoterol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects are non-superior after administration of the two actives as fixed vs."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of inhaled fixed combination vs. the free combination of beclomethasone and formoterol pMDIs in asthmatic children. Acerbi, D; Bisgaard, A; Bisgaard, H; Chawes, BL; Ciurlia, G; Deleuran, M; Dossing, A; Kreiner-Møller, E; Mortensen, L; Nilson, E; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Poorisrisak, P; Samandari, N; Sergio, F; Skytt, NL; Vissing, NH, 2013)	0.39
"Open-label, prospective, randomized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in healthy volunteers."	( Influence of low-dose ritonavir with and without darunavir on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled beclomethasone. Alfaro, RM; Boyd, SD; Calderon, MM; Chairez, C; Hadigan, C; Kovacs, JA; McManus, M; Nieman, LK; Pau, AK; Penzak, SR, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic sampling for 17-BMP was performed on days 14 and 28, and pharmacokinetic parameter values were compared within patients and between groups."	( Influence of low-dose ritonavir with and without darunavir on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled beclomethasone. Alfaro, RM; Boyd, SD; Calderon, MM; Chairez, C; Hadigan, C; Kovacs, JA; McManus, M; Nieman, LK; Pau, AK; Penzak, SR, 2013)	0.39
" In this paper, we review and unite pharmacokinetic data, case reports and current research regarding this drug-drug interaction in order to suggest options for the clinical management of HIV-positive patients requiring treatment with protease inhibitors and inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids."	( Inhaled corticosteroid use in HIV-positive individuals taking protease inhibitors: a review of pharmacokinetics, case reports and clinical management. Nguyen, DP; Phengrasamy, T; Saberi, P, 2013)	0.39
" This pharmacokinetic study compared systemic exposure following beclomethasone dipropionate delivery through BAI versus MDI."	( Pharmacokinetics of Beclomethasone Dipropionate Delivered by Breath-Actuated Inhaler and Metered-Dose Inhaler in Healthy Subjects. Gillespie, M; Small, CJ, 2018)	0.48
" Mean elimination half-life was ∼4 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of Beclomethasone Dipropionate Delivered by Breath-Actuated Inhaler and Metered-Dose Inhaler in Healthy Subjects. Gillespie, M; Small, CJ, 2018)	0.48
" The method was successfully applied to a preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) study of the six GCs on female nude mice after a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg."	( Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of six glucocorticoids and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in nude mice. Guo, Y; Hao, C; Kong, D; Li, J; Tian, X; Xue, J; Yao, Q; Zhou, T, 2020)	0.56
" Limited data on the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of BDP/FF/GB fixed-dose combination in healthy subjects was available."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of a novel extrafine BDP/FF/GB combination delivered via metered-dose inhaler in healthy Chinese subjects. Hu, C; Luo, Z; Miao, J; Shu, S; Wang, Y; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" Heart rate (HR), QTcF, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated as the surrogate indicators of pharmacodynamic effects."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of a novel extrafine BDP/FF/GB combination delivered via metered-dose inhaler in healthy Chinese subjects. Hu, C; Luo, Z; Miao, J; Shu, S; Wang, Y; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" The dose adjusted pharmacokinetic profiles of BDP, beclomethasone-17-monopropionate (B17MP, the most active metabolite of BDP), formoterol and GB were overall similar in therapeutic and supra- therapeutic dose group, showing dose proportional increase of the systemic exposure to BDP, B17MP, formoterol and GB."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of a novel extrafine BDP/FF/GB combination delivered via metered-dose inhaler in healthy Chinese subjects. Hu, C; Luo, Z; Miao, J; Shu, S; Wang, Y; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Seventeen adults whose asthma symptoms had been stable for at least three months on 100-400 microgram/day of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol received flunisolide intranasal solution (200 microgram/day) combined with its intrabronchial form (1 mg/day) or with beclomethasone dipropionate bronchial aerosol (400 microgram/day)."	( Flunisolide intranasal solution combined with intrabronchial steroids in adults with both bronchial asthma and perennial rhinitis. Gale, AE; Harding, P; Solomon, E, 1981)	0.26
" 12 patients received during a month salbutamol combined with nedocromil (Tilade 8 mg per day)."	( [Bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with bronchial asthma treated with salbutamol and salbutamol combined with beclocort or nedocromil]. Krasnowska, M; Liebhart, E; Małolepszy, J, 1994)	0.29
"Beclomethasone dipropionate enemas combined with oral 5-aminosalicylic acid may be a safe and useful therapeutic approach in the treatment of ulcerative colitis not responsive to oral 5-aminosalicylic acid alone."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate (3 mg) enemas combined with oral 5-ASA (2.4 g) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis not responsive to oral 5-ASA alone. Bennato, R; Castiglione, GN; D'Arienzo, A; Manguso, F; Mazzacca, G; Sanges, M; Scaglione, G; Vicinanza, G, 1998)	0.3
"To investigate the effects of pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonist, in patients with moderate/severe asthma, when combined with beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP)."	( Effects of pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonist, combined with inhaled beclomethasone in patients with moderate or severe asthma. Fukushima, C; Kawano, T; Kohno, S; Matsuse, H; Mitsuta, K; Obase, Y; Shimoda, T; Tomari, S, 2001)	0.31
"To investigate the effect of small dose of oral theophyllin combined with low dose of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) on clinical symptoms, bronchial responsiveness and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA)."	( [Effect of low dose of inhaled corticosteroid combined with small dose of oral theophylline on treatment of bronchial asthma]. Huang, H; Li, J; Mo, H, 2000)	0.31
"It was suggested that small dose of oral theophylline combined with low dose of inhaled BDP might have the same effect on relief of clinical symptoms and bronchial responsiveness, without suppression on HPAA function, comparing with relatively higher dose of inhaled BDP."	( [Effect of low dose of inhaled corticosteroid combined with small dose of oral theophylline on treatment of bronchial asthma]. Huang, H; Li, J; Mo, H, 2000)	0.31
" This study was performed to compare the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) combined with slow-release theophylline (SRT) with that of double-dose ICS in asthma control, anti-inflammatory activity and safety."	( Comparison of inhaled corticosteroid combined with theophylline and double-dose inhaled corticosteroid in moderate to severe asthma. Li, SP; Liao, XQ; Lin, KX; Qian, GS; Song, YX; Wang, CZ; Wang, Y; Zhao, ZQ; Zhuo, WL, 2005)	0.33
"Both ICS combined with SRT and double-dose ICS had the same effect on asthma control, improving symptoms and ameliorating lung function."	( Comparison of inhaled corticosteroid combined with theophylline and double-dose inhaled corticosteroid in moderate to severe asthma. Li, SP; Liao, XQ; Lin, KX; Qian, GS; Song, YX; Wang, CZ; Wang, Y; Zhao, ZQ; Zhuo, WL, 2005)	0.33
"We performed a randomized study in preterm lambs to assess the hypothesis that the treatment with natural surfactant combined with beclomethasone might decrease pulmonary oxidative stress in an animal model of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)."	( Natural surfactant combined with beclomethasone decreases oxidative lung injury in the preterm lamb. Buonocore, G; Burchielli, S; Cangiamila, V; Corsini, I; Dani, C; Longini, M; Paternostro, F; Rubaltelli, FF, 2009)	0.35
"Natural surfactant combined with beclomethasone decreases pulmonary oxidative stress in preterm lambs with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)."	( Natural surfactant combined with beclomethasone decreases lung inflammation in the preterm lamb. Buonocore, G; Burchielli, S; Cangiamila, V; Corsini, I; Dani, C; Jayonta, B; Longini, M; Paternostro, F; Romagnoli, R, 2011)	0.37
"Preterm lambs received 200 mg/kg of natural surfactant or 200 mg/kg of natural surfactant combined with 400 or 800 μg/kg of beclomethasone."	( Natural surfactant combined with beclomethasone decreases lung inflammation in the preterm lamb. Buonocore, G; Burchielli, S; Cangiamila, V; Corsini, I; Dani, C; Jayonta, B; Longini, M; Paternostro, F; Romagnoli, R, 2011)	0.37
"Natural surfactant combined with beclomethasone at 800 μg/kg is effective in reducing lung inflammation in an animal model of RDS, thus explaining the associated decrease in lung oxidative stress."	( Natural surfactant combined with beclomethasone decreases lung inflammation in the preterm lamb. Buonocore, G; Burchielli, S; Cangiamila, V; Corsini, I; Dani, C; Jayonta, B; Longini, M; Paternostro, F; Romagnoli, R, 2011)	0.37
"To determine the effects of atorvastatin alone and in combination with inhaled corticosteroid on a range of sputum cytokines, chemokines and growth factors implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, and their association with asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) and/or asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) scores."	( Atorvastatin in combination with inhaled beclometasone modulates inflammatory sputum mediators in smokers with asthma. Charron, CE; Chaudhuri, R; Ito, K; McSharry, C; Spears, M; Thomson, NC, 2015)	0.42
" Atorvastatin significantly reduced sputum concentrations of CCL7, IL-12p70, sCD40L, FGF-2, CCL4, TGF-α and MMP-8 compared with placebo and, when combined with inhaled beclometasone, reduced sputum concentrations of MMP-8, IL-1β, IL-10, MMP-9, sCD40L, FGF-2, IL-7, G-CSF and CCL7 compared to ICS alone."	( Atorvastatin in combination with inhaled beclometasone modulates inflammatory sputum mediators in smokers with asthma. Charron, CE; Chaudhuri, R; Ito, K; McSharry, C; Spears, M; Thomson, NC, 2015)	0.42
"Short-term treatment with atorvastatin alone or in combination with inhaled beclometasone reduces several sputum cytokines, chemokines and growth factors concentrations unresponsive to inhaled corticosteroids alone, in smokers with asthma."	( Atorvastatin in combination with inhaled beclometasone modulates inflammatory sputum mediators in smokers with asthma. Charron, CE; Chaudhuri, R; Ito, K; McSharry, C; Spears, M; Thomson, NC, 2015)	0.42
"To observe the clinical efficacy of nasal vestibule eczema by using beclomethasone dipropionate in combination with He-Ne laser therapy."	( [Beclomethasone dipropionate cream combined with He-Ne laser irradiation treatment of nasal vestibule eczema]. Dai, R; Peng, X; Shi, J; Yu, S; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
"Beclomethasone dipropionate cream combined with He-Ne laser irradiation therapy on nasal vestibule eczema is significant, and easily to operate, with significant anti-inflammatory, anti-itch, analgesic effects."	( [Beclomethasone dipropionate cream combined with He-Ne laser irradiation treatment of nasal vestibule eczema]. Dai, R; Peng, X; Shi, J; Yu, S; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
"The effect of three amino acid coatings (L-leucine, L-valine and L-phenylalanine) on particle integrity, aerosolization properties, cellular interaction, cytocompatibility, and drug permeation properties of drug combination powder particles (beclomethasone dipropionate and salbutamol sulphate) for dry powder inhalation (DPI) was investigated."	( Drug permeation and cellular interaction of amino acid-coated drug combination powders for pulmonary delivery. Bimbo, LM; Hirvonen, J; Kauppinen, EI; Raula, J; Vartiainen, V, 2016)	0.43
"This two-period, open-label, crossover study examined the drug-drug interaction of CHF 5993 and cimetidine."	( A Two-Period Open-Label, Single-Dose Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Cimetidine and Inhaled Extrafine CHF 5993. Acerbi, D; Ciurlia, G; Mariotti, F; Muraro, A; Spaccapelo, L, 2017)	0.46
"Overall, this study indicates that there is no clinically relevant drug-drug interaction between CHF 5993 and cimetidine."	( A Two-Period Open-Label, Single-Dose Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Cimetidine and Inhaled Extrafine CHF 5993. Acerbi, D; Ciurlia, G; Mariotti, F; Muraro, A; Spaccapelo, L, 2017)	0.46
"To investigate the efficacy of beclomethasone and aminophylline combined with enteral nutrition in the treatment of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the associated effects of these drugs on patient nutritional status and immune function."	( Effects of beclomethasone and aminophylline combined with enteral nutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on nutritional status and immune function in elders. Chen, H; Li, H; Peng, C; Rao, L; Xiao, D; Xiao, H, 2021)	0.62
" Aminophylline, in combination with beclomethasone, was administered to the CON group, whereas aminophylline and beclomethasone in combination with EN was administered to the EN group."	( Effects of beclomethasone and aminophylline combined with enteral nutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on nutritional status and immune function in elders. Chen, H; Li, H; Peng, C; Rao, L; Xiao, D; Xiao, H, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To investigate effects on adrenal function of fluticasone, a recently released inhaled steroid preparation with lower systemic bioavailability than beclomethasone dipropionate."	( Adrenal function and high dose inhaled corticosteroids for asthma. Conway, E; Honour, JW; Milner, AD; Yiallouros, PK, 1997)	0.3
" The observed lower bioavailability of CFC-BDP compared with HFA-BDP could be explained if most of each inhaled dose from the CFC-BDP MDI was swallowed and absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, while most of each inhaled dose from the HFA-BDP MDI was absorbed from the lungs."	( Effect of changing the fine particle mass of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on intrapulmonary deposition and pharmacokinetics. Harrison, LI; Seale, JP, 1998)	0.3
" Budesonide has lower oral bioavailability than BDP; however, it is generally reported to have a longer plasma half-life than either BDP or 17-BMP."	( Comparative physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and budesonide. Boobis, AR, 1998)	0.3
"To compare the systemic bioavailability (assessed by cortisol suppression) of high-dose budesonide when given by four inhaler devices and orally."	( Systemic bioavailability and potency of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids: a comparison of four inhaler devices and three drugs in healthy adult volunteers. Kane, J; Makker, H; McDowell, P; O'Driscoll, BR; Wales, D, 1999)	0.3
" However, newer INS such as fluticasone propionate (FP) and mometasone furoate, which have substantially reduced bioavailability via gastrointestinal absorption, are unlikely to do so."	( Do intranasal corticosteroids affect childhood growth? Allen, DB, 2000)	0.31
" Systemic bioavailability of INSs, by way of nasal and intestinal absorption, can be substantial; but current INSs vary significantly in their degree of first-pass hepatic inactivation and clearance from the body of the swallowed drug."	( Systemic effects of intranasal steroids: an endocrinologist's perspective. Allen, DB, 2000)	0.31
" The mean absolute bioavailability (%F, 90% CI; nominal doses) of inhaled BDP was 2% (1-4%) and not reduced by coadministration of charcoal."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate: absolute bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism following intravenous, oral, intranasal and inhaled administration in man. Daley-Yates, PT; Dallow, N; Pereira, A; Price, AC; Sisson, JR, 2001)	0.31
"Unchanged BDP has negligible oral and intranasal bioavailability with limited absorption following inhaled dosing due to extensive (95%) presystemic conversion of BDP to B-17-MP in the lung."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate: absolute bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism following intravenous, oral, intranasal and inhaled administration in man. Daley-Yates, PT; Dallow, N; Pereira, A; Price, AC; Sisson, JR, 2001)	0.31
" We therefore decided to compare systemic bioavailability of HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) vs HFA-fluticasone propionate (FP)."	( Dose-response for adrenal suppression with hydrofluoroalkane formulations of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate. Fowler, SJ; Lipworth, BJ; Orr, LC; Sims, EJ; Wilson, AM, 2001)	0.31
" This suggests that the greater glucocorticoid potency of HFA-FP may be offset by the greater lung bioavailability of HFA-BDP."	( Dose-response for adrenal suppression with hydrofluoroalkane formulations of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate. Fowler, SJ; Lipworth, BJ; Orr, LC; Sims, EJ; Wilson, AM, 2001)	0.31
" Previous studies indicated that fluticasone propionate (FP) had low bioavailability and high local potency."	( A comparison of clinical use of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate in pediatric asthma. Chuang, SL; Hsieh, KS; Huang, CF; Huang, YF; Huang, YY; Liu, CC; Nong, BR, 2001)	0.31
"The goal of this study was to establish a reliable method to evaluate systemic bioavailability and to determine equisystemic effects (microgram dose producing equal systemic cortisol suppression) of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)."	( Systemic effect comparisons of six inhaled corticosteroid preparations. Boushey, HA; Cherniack, RM; Chinchilli, VM; Craig, TJ; Dolovich, M; Drazen, JM; Fagan, JK; Fahy, JV; Fish, JE; Ford, JG; Israel, E; Kraft, M; Kunselman, SJ; Lazarus, SC; Lemanske, RF; Martin, RJ; Peters, SP; Sorkness, CA; Szefler, SJ, 2002)	0.31
" The estimated bioavailability of BDP from the GI tract was 68%."	( Influence of particle size on lung deposition and pharmacokinetics of beclomethasone dipropionate in children. Agertoft, L; Harrison, LI; Laulund, LW; Pedersen, S, 2003)	0.32
"For inhaled formulations, the balance between desired local effects and undesired systemic activity can be expressed by L/T, where L represents bioavailability of drug from the lungs and T represents total systemic bioavailability."	( Local versus total systemic bioavailability of beclomethasone dipropionate CFC and HFA metered dose inhaler formulations. Harrison, LI, 2002)	0.31
" This fear may be reduced with newer agents with lower oral bioavailability if their theoretical advantage of fewer systemic adverse effects than the standard treatment of inhaled beclometasone is realized in practice."	( Fluticasone and beclometasone: what are their effects on children's growth? Griffiths, P; Saini, K, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore, measuring airway blood flow may be a useful, site-specific parameter to assess the tissue bioavailability and vasoconstrictive efficacy of inhaled glucocorticosteroids."	( Comparative bronchial vasoconstrictive efficacy of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Danta, I; Duncan, RC; Mendes, ES; Pereira, A; Wanner, A, 2003)	0.32
" Oral bioavailability can be neglected because of almost total inactivation in liver during first pass."	( [Effectiveness and safety of fluticasone propionate in therapy of children suffering from asthma. Part I. Mechanisms of actions and clinical effectiveness of treatment in children with asthma]. Bartkowiak-Emeryk, M; Breborowicz, A; Emeryk, A; Kulus, M; Kurzawa, R; Lis, G; Mazurek, H; Niedziela, M, 2004)	0.32
" The bioavailability of these products is essential in order to determine the incidence of side effects."	( Inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of respiratory allergy: safety vs. efficacy. Rizzo, MC; Solé, D, 2006)	0.33
" The aim of the study was to evaluate the pulmonary bioavailability for inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) aerosols of different particle sizes."	( Pharmacokinetics of inhaled monodisperse beclomethasone as a function of particle size. Esposito-Festen, JE; Lammers, JW; Tiddens, HA; Zanen, P, 2007)	0.34
" Its oral bioavailability is poor (6."	( A reappraisal of the clinical efficacy of nebulized flunisolide in pediatric asthma: the Italian experience. Fiocchi, A; Kantar, A; Mroueh, S, )	0.13
" In spite of the undoubted effect of the size for increased bioavailability and controlled drug delivery, submicrometer formulations also require a deeper level of design."	( Multifunctional hydrophobin: toward functional coatings for drug nanoparticles. Hirvonen, JT; Laaksonen, PH; Laaksonen, TJ; Linder, MB; Peltonen, LJ; Valo, HK, 2010)	0.36
" Results after ingestion of charcoal confirmed that AUC(0,30 min) can be taken as an index of lung bioavailability and that more than 30% of the inhaled dose of extra-fine BDP/formoterol 100/6 µg was delivered to the lung using the pMDI alone."	( Effect of AeroChamber Plus™ on the lung and systemic bioavailability of beclometasone dipropionate/formoterol pMDI. Acerbi, D; Amadasi, A; Collarini, S; Poli, G; Rusca, A; Singh, D, 2011)	0.37
"Urinary pharmacokinetic methods have been identified to determine the relative lung and systemic bioavailability after an inhalation."	( Urinary pharmacokinetic methodology to determine the relative lung bioavailability of inhaled beclometasone dipropionate. Chrystyn, H; Harding, LP; Said, AS, 2012)	0.38
"The urinary pharmacokinetic methodology to determine the relative lung and systemic bioavailability post inhalation, using 30 min and cumulative 24 h post inhalation samples, applies to BDP."	( Urinary pharmacokinetic methodology to determine the relative lung bioavailability of inhaled beclometasone dipropionate. Chrystyn, H; Harding, LP; Said, AS, 2012)	0.38
"275, indicating substantially lower systemic bioavailability with intranasal administration than with oral inhalation."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of beclomethasone dipropionate hydrofluoroalkane after intranasal administration versus oral inhalation in healthy subjects: results of a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 3-period crossover study. Dorinsky, PM; Dunbar, SA; Melchior, A; Ratner, PH; Tantry, SK, 2012)	0.38
"The results of this study suggest that 80 and 320 μg BDP HFA nasal aerosols have substantially lower systemic bioavailability than 320 μg orally inhaled BDP HFA in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of beclomethasone dipropionate hydrofluoroalkane after intranasal administration versus oral inhalation in healthy subjects: results of a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 3-period crossover study. Dorinsky, PM; Dunbar, SA; Melchior, A; Ratner, PH; Tantry, SK, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of this work was to investigate the systemic bioavailability of beclomethasone-17-monoproprionate (B17MP, the active metabolite of BDP) and formoterol after single inhalation of Foster® pMDI 50/6 μg vs."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of inhaled fixed combination vs. the free combination of beclomethasone and formoterol pMDIs in asthmatic children. Acerbi, D; Bisgaard, A; Bisgaard, H; Chawes, BL; Ciurlia, G; Deleuran, M; Dossing, A; Kreiner-Møller, E; Mortensen, L; Nilson, E; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Poorisrisak, P; Samandari, N; Sergio, F; Skytt, NL; Vissing, NH, 2013)	0.39
" In the last years, new therapeutic strategies have been suggested in order to avoid or at least limit steroids use and in this direction the so-called low bioavailability steroids appeared to be a promising therapeutic weapon; however, some grey areas about their real utility and manner of use still remain."	( Low bioavailability steroids in inflammatory bowel disease: an old chestnut or a whole new ballgame? Fascì-Spurio, F; Manes, G; Meucci, G; Papi, C; Saibeni, S, 2014)	0.4
" They often display a simple composition in excipients (if any), allow for the administration of larger drug doses and enhance drug diffusion and absorption across the mucosa, improving bioavailability compared to nasal liquids."	( Opportunity and challenges of nasal powders: Drug formulation and delivery. Bortolotti, F; Buttini, F; Colombo, G; Manniello, MD; Rossi, A; Russo, P; Sonvico, F; Tiozzo Fasiolo, L; Tratta, E, 2018)	0.48
" Using a previously developed urinary pharmacokinetic method, we have measured the relative lung and systemic bioavailability of beclometasone dipropionate (BDP) after inhalation from 2 hydrofluroalkane-beclometasone dipropionate (HFA-BDP) formulations when used with a spacer."	( Bioavailability of Beclometasone From Two HFA-BDP Formulations With a Spacer. AbuRuz, S; Chrystyn, H; Said, AS, 2019)	0.51
" Controlled trials have tested poorly absorbable steroids as adjuncts with systemic glucocorticoids, but only small case series have reported treatment with poorly absorbed beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and budesonide (BUD) alone."	( Sole Upfront Therapy with Beclomethasone and Budesonide for Upper Gastrointestinal Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Anasetti, C; Betts, BC; Fernandez, HF; Frairia, C; Kim, J; Locke, FL; Mishra, A; Nicolosi, M; Nishihori, T; Ochoa-Bayona, JL; Perez, L; Pidala, J; Shapiro, J, 2020)	0.56
" This study aimed to prepare and evaluate cubosomes for prolonging residence time and enhancing ocular bioavailability of BDP."	( Preparation and Evaluation of Cubosomes/Cubosomal Gels for Ocular Delivery of Beclomethasone Dipropionate for Management of Uveitis. Abdelkader, H; El Garhy, OH; Gaballa, SA; Moharram, H, 2020)	0.56
" Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are new generation versatile carriers, which offer protection from degradation and enhance bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs."	( Fabrication, characterization and optimization of nanostructured lipid carrier formulations using Beclomethasone dipropionate for pulmonary drug delivery via medical nebulizers. Bnyan, R; Elhissi, A; Houacine, C; Hussein, S; Islam, Y; Khan Sadozai, S; Khan, I; Yousaf, S, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" As the results indicated 400 mug a day to have the most pronounced effect on nasal symptoms, this dosage is recommended for children as well as adults suffering from summer hay fever."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol treatment of hay fever. A dose-response investigation. Andersen, JB; Halberg, P; Mygind, N, 1975)	0.25
" Around the clock administration is advisable, the dosage should be titrated for the individual patient, substitutions to another antihistamine should be to a different class of antihistamine, and the efficacy of any single antihistamine usually will diminish with prolonged use, either on the basis of true tolerance or because of psychic factors."	( Antihistamines. Guidelines and implications. Krausen, AS, )	0.13
" The amount of improvement correlated linearly with beclomethasone dosage over the range 200 to 1,600 microng/day."	( A graded dose assessment of the efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol for severe chronic asthma. Baksh, L; Chuang, L; Errington, N; Haines, DS; Jennings, B; Lefcoe, NM; Toogood, JH, 1977)	0.26
" They were treated with a daily dosage of 800 microng beclomethasone dipropionate intranasally for I week, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial."	( Intranasal allergen challenge during corticosteroid treatment. Johnsen, NJ; Mygind, N; Thomsen, J, 1977)	0.26
" The 400 mcg/day dosage did not provide for systemic absorption as determined by measurements of plasma cortisol levels and circulating eosinophils."	( A placebo controlled double-blind trial of beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Cuevas, M; Girard, JP; Heimlich, EM, )	0.13
" During the 28 weeks two dosage schedules (800 microgram and 400 microgram daily) were compared with a placebo."	( Double-blind trial comparing two dosage schedules of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol with a placebo in chronic bronchial asthma. Second report of the Brompton Hospital/Medical Research Council Collaborative Trial. , 1979)	0.26
"The average prednisone dosage of 54 corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics was computed for one year prior to initiation of beclomethasone dipropionate."	( Long-term effects of beclomethasone dipropionate on prednisone dosage in the corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic. Bacal, E; Patterson, R, 1978)	0.26
" Dosage could be reduced by 50% or more in 21 cases, and by less than 50% in 9 cases."	( [Short-term use of beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of spasmodic obstructive bronchopneumopathies]. Gonnot, G; Sors, C, 1978)	0.26
" Symptom records, twice daily peak flow readings and records of bronchodilator and steroid dosage showed the powder to be as effective as the aerosol."	( A clinical comparison of aerosol and powder administration of beclomethasone dipropionate in asthma. Gwynn, CM; Smith, JM, 1978)	0.26
" Allergic nasal symptoms were disabling in many patients when the oral dosage of corticosteroids was tapered."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. A 12-week double-blind study comparing beclomethasone dipropionate and a vehicle aerosol. Harvey, LL; Kass, I; Nair, SV, 1976)	0.26
" Thus, at the dosage used, beclomethasone dipropionate might have minor systemic endocrinometabolic effects."	( The endocrinometabolic effects of beclomethasone dipropionate in asthmatic patients. Copinschi, G; De Coster, A; Leclercq, R; Schandevyl, W; Virasoro, E; Yernault, JC, 1977)	0.26
" While a lower systemic steroid dosage may have been the provoking factor, we feel that an adverse reaction to oleic acid, a dispersing agent in the aerosol freon vehicle, is a strong possibility."	( The use of beclomethasone diproprionate inhaler complicated by the development of an eosinophilic pneumonia reaction. Klotz, LR; Klotz, SD; Moeller, RK, 1977)	0.26
"Beclomethasone dipropionate, a new corticosteroid for inhalation in the form of a pressurised aerosol with a daily dosage of 300-400/mug, has been given to 130 adult asthmatics."	( [Beclomethasonedipropionate for corticoid inhalation therapy in bronchial asthma]. Debelić, M; Virchow, C, 1975)	0.25
"We investigated the effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) on airway sensitivity (provocative dose producing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) from baseline (PD20)) and reactivity (slope of the dose-response curve) to inhaled aerosols of hyperosmolar (4."	( Inhaled steroids modify bronchial responses to hyperosmolar saline. Anderson, SD; Rodwell, LT; Seale, JP, 1992)	0.28
" Differences in age, dosage and duration of use of ICS between patients who bruised and those who did not were also investigated."	( Easy bruising as a side-effect of inhaled corticosteroids. Mak, VH; Melchor, R; Spiro, SG, 1992)	0.28
"Regular dosage with beclomethasone by inhalation is a useful treatment for preterm infants with respiratory symptoms."	( Randomised trial of inhaled steroids in preterm infants with respiratory symptoms at follow up. Greenough, A; Yuksel, B, 1992)	0.28
" These comprised: 17 asthmatic patients who had never taken inhaled or systemic corticosteroids (group 1); 20 patients who had taken beclomethasone diproprionate in a dosage of 1000-2000 micrograms daily for at least a year, who had also received courses of systemic corticosteroids in the past (group 2); and 20 patients who were taking both high dose inhaled corticosteroids and regular low dose prednisolone, at a median dose of 7 mg daily (group 3)."	( Bone density in asthmatic patients taking high dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and intermittent systemic corticosteroids. Douglas, JG; McDonald, AF; Packe, GE; Reid, DM; Robins, SP, 1992)	0.28
" Conventional doses may not be sufficient to provide control in many patients, and dosing should be tailored to the individual."	( Inhaled steroids in asthma. Dworski, R; Sheller, J, 1992)	0.28
" Bronchial challenges were then performed with increasing concentrations of carbachol, and dose-response curves were constructed."	( Different effects of nasal and bronchial glucocorticosteroid administration on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis. Aubier, M; Clerici, C; Herman, D; Levy, J; Neukirch, F, 1992)	0.28
" Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) dose-response curves for inhaled salbutamol were repeatedly recorded during the study, and no tachyphylaxis was found."	( Inhaled formoterol during one year in asthma: a comparison with salbutamol. Arvidsson, P; Larsson, S; Löfdahl, CG; Melander, B; Svedmyr, N; Wåhlander, L, 1991)	0.28
" Pulmonary function was assessed and dosage of prednisone and BDP (or P) were adjusted every 15 days according to a clinical score."	( High-dose beclomethasone: oral steroid-sparing effect in severe asthmatic patients. Georges, D; Henry-Amar, M; Lacronique, J; Marsac, J; Renon, D, 1991)	0.28
" Considerable efficacy was also observed in patients whose dosage had been increased from 400 micrograms to 800 micrograms."	( [Corticosteroid--effects of beclomethasone dipropionate 800 micrograms/day]. Horie, T; Majima, T; Yamaguchi, M, 1990)	0.28
"Sixteen patients suffering from bronchial asthma, with or without chronic bronchitis, sufficiently severe to be treated with inhaled corticosteroids, were studied in a single-blind trial (blind observer) of beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) given in three randomized dosage regimens: 500, 1000 and 2000 micrograms per day, each for 4 weeks."	( Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on beta 2-receptor function in the airways and adrenal responsiveness in bronchial asthma. Folgering, HT; Lammers, JW; Molema, J; van Herwaarden, CL, 1988)	0.27
" Long term prophylactic inhalation of beclomethasone dipropionate in 26 children in a dosage up to 600 mcg/day before puberty and 400 mcg/day during puberty was shown not to affect growth."	( Growth and childhood asthma. Balfour-Lynn, L, 1986)	0.27
" In stable asthmatics, the control of asthma measured both symptomatically and by daily lung function was independent of dosing schedule, but twice daily treatment may well lead to better compliance."	( Twice or four times daily beclomethasone dipropionate in mild stable asthma? Abdallah, S; Boyd, G; Clark, R, 1985)	0.27
" dosage regimens in either pediatric or adult age groups."	( Effect of dosing schedule on efficacy of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in chronic asthma. Kemp, JP; Meltzer, EO; Orgel, HA; Welch, MJ, 1985)	0.27
" At a dosage of 400 to 800 mug/day for three months there was no evidence of suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, as assessed by tetracosactrin and insulin stress tests."	( Steroid aerosols in asthma: an assessment of betamethasone valerate and a 12-month study of patients on maintenance treatment. Kochanowski, SJ; McAllen, MK; Shaw, KM, 1974)	0.25
" The study design was open because of the different dosage schedules for the two preparations."	( Comparative trial of flunisolide and beclomethasone dipropionate nasal sprays in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ojala, K; Palva, A; Sipilä, P; Sorri, M, 1983)	0.27
"Corticoid therapy with dosed aerosols is one of the achievements that have been made lately in the treatment of bronchial asthma."	( [Corticotherapy of bronchial asthma, using dosed aerosols]. Basacopol, A; Popescu, C, )	0.13
" Except for an occasional patient intranasal beclomethasone in the recommended dosage is not effective in the management of chronic severe symptomatic rhinosinusitis."	( Intranasal beclomethasone in severe rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Klaustermeyer, WB; Krouse, HA; Phung, ND, 1983)	0.27
" It seems reasonable to formulate a specific goal of treatment, and then fit dosage to the individual needs and tolerances of the patient rather than to a conventionalized "safe" limit, based on averaged data from different and perhaps quite dissimilar subjects."	( Personal observations on the use of inhaled corticosteroid drugs for chronic asthma. Baskerville, J; Jennings, B; Lefcoe, NM; Toogood, JH, 1984)	0.27
" Studies conducted over the last decade, and since the drug was previously reviewed in the Journal, have confirmed that inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate 400 to 800 micrograms daily can reduce the need for oral maintenance corticosteroids in the majority of asthmatic patients requiring such therapy, and that increasing the dosage to 2000 micrograms daily may provide additional clinical benefit in some patients unresponsive to usual therapeutic dosages."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy after a decade of use in asthma and rhinitis. Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Heel, RC; Speight, TM, 1984)	0.27
" Dosage was one puff (50 micrograms) in each nostril four times a day to a total daily dose of 400 micrograms."	( The effect of beclomethasone dipropionate treatment on the nasal provocation test. Clement, PA; Kaufman, L, 1984)	0.27
"A short course of prednisone suspension given in a decreasing dosage schedule for up to ten days was often effective (68%) in resolving mucoid otitis media with effusion (OME, middle ear effusion)."	( Otitis media with effusion: results of treatment with a short course of oral prednisone or intranasal beclomethasone aerosol. Schwartz, RH, )	0.13
" The FEV1 dose-response curves were almost identical indicating bronchodilating equipotency between the two modes of administration."	( The effect of powder aerosol compared to pressurized aerosol. Löfdahl, CG; Svedmyr, K; Svedmyr, N, 1982)	0.26
" The dosage of flunisolide was two actuations (25 micrograms/actuation) into each nostril twice a day (total 200 micrograms)."	( A comparative trial of flunisolide and beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Chatterjee, SS; Engler, C; Sahay, JN, 1980)	0.26
"A double-blind trial comparing two dosage schedules of beclomethasone dipropinate, 200 micrograms 400 micrograms, with a placebo in the treatment of perennial rhinitis for 12 months has been undertaken in 108 patients."	( Double-blind trial comparing two dosage schedules of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol with a placebo in the treatment of perennial rhinitis for twelve months. Brompton Hospital/medical research council collaborative trial. , 1980)	0.26
" With one exception, early morning plasma cortisol levels in patients with normal pretherapy levels were not adversely affected by the dosage used."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of asthma in steroid-independent adults. Malfitan, VA, 1982)	0.26
"Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) was used in a trial to assess the effectiveness of twice daily compared with four times daily dosage in the control of asthma."	( Beclomethasone diproprionate in twice daily treatment of asthma. Laby, B; Mecoy, RJ, 1980)	0.26
" Those in group A (n = 18) had been taking inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate or budesonide in a dosage of 800 micrograms or more per day for at least 1 year."	( Dose-related decrease in bone density among asthmatic patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Chapman, KR; Hanania, NA; Kesten, S; Sturtridge, WC; Szalai, JP, 1995)	0.29
" Patients were randomly allocated to receive BDP at a dosage of eight puffs twice daily (800 micrograms/day, group A) or four puffs four times daily (800 micrograms/day, group B)."	( [Effect of dosing schedule on efficacy of corticosteroid inhalation in chronic asthma]. Kondoh, Y; Ogawa, K; Suzuki, K; Suzuki, R; Takagi, K; Taki, F; Tanaka, H; Taniguchi, H; Torii, K; Watanabe, Y, 1995)	0.29
"With use of partial suppression of immediate response to inhaled allergen and 24-hour urinary free cortisol output, three-point dose-response curves were constructed for beclomethasone dipropionate (50 micrograms/puff), triamcinolone acetonide (100 micrograms/puff), and flunisolide (250 micrograms/puff)."	( A bioassay for topical and systemic effect of three inhaled corticosteroids. Ahrens, R; Grandgeorge, S; McCubbin, MM; Milavetz, G; Sargent, C; Vaughan, LM; Weinberger, M, 1995)	0.29
" Dose-response relationships were shown for each inhaled corticosteroid for both topical and systemic effect."	( A bioassay for topical and systemic effect of three inhaled corticosteroids. Ahrens, R; Grandgeorge, S; McCubbin, MM; Milavetz, G; Sargent, C; Vaughan, LM; Weinberger, M, 1995)	0.29
" Addition of nedocromil sodium to an ongoing regimen of beclomethasone may also allow for reduction in the dosage of inhaled corticosteroid."	( Clinical overview of nedocromil sodium. König, P, )	0.13
" Cessation of bronchodilators did not result in the increase of bronchial hypersensitivity in patients undergoing BDI treatment without the dosage change."	( Effect of reduction of inhaled corticosteroid on bronchial hypersensitivity in asthmatics. Hoshino, K; Kawasaki, A; Kobayashi, M; Mizushima, Y; Oosaki, R, )	0.13
" The possible moderating effects of treatment duration, and dosage and asthma severity are also examined."	( A meta-analysis of the effect of oral and inhaled corticosteroids on growth. Allen, DB; Mullen, B; Mullen, M, 1994)	0.29
" A further 416 (57) micrograms reduction in inhaled corticosteroid dosage was possible during the treatment phase but this was almost identical in the WEB 2086 and placebo-treated groups, amounting to 353 (92) and 481 (65) micrograms/day respectively (not significant [NS])."	( The effect of the orally active platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in the treatment of asthma. Calverley, PM; Dhillon, P; Higgins, C; Holgate, ST; Johnston, SL; Ramhamadany, E; Spence, DP; Turner, S; Winning, A; Winter, J, 1994)	0.29
"Subjects were randomly assigned to 3 different dosing regimens of inhaled beclomethasone: (1) regimen A, a twice-daily dose of 500 micrograms in the morning and at bedtime; (2) regimen B, a single dose of 1,000 micrograms in the late afternoon; and (3) regimen C, a single dose of 1,000 micrograms at bedtime."	( Comparative safety and efficacy of single or twice daily administration of inhaled beclomethasone in moderate asthma. Boulet, LP; Côte, J; Gagnon, M; Milot, J; Turcotte, H, 1994)	0.29
" We evaluated the efficacy, onset of action, and safety of two dosing regimens of the new corticosteroid fluticasone propionate compared with that of beclomethasone dipropionate in patients with moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis."	( Fluticasone propionate: an effective alternative treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis in adults and adolescents. Dockhorn, RJ; Field, EA; Findlay, SR; LaForce, CF; Meltzer, EO; Nathan, RA; Rogenes, PR; Stricker, W; Weakley, S, 1994)	0.29
"Childhood asthma generally responds well to inhaled corticosteroids within the dosage range recommended by the manufacturers, but it is sometimes necessary to use higher doses--that is, above 400 micrograms/day--a practice which has become more widespread recently."	( Effects of high doses of inhaled corticosteroids on adrenal function in children with severe persistent asthma. Carter, PE; Ninan, TK; Reid, IW; Russell, G; Smail, PJ, 1993)	0.29
" Considering mean particle size, drug load, release characteristics and the status of the drug inside the matrix, the dosage form showed very good characteristics for inhalatory application."	( Low molecular weight PLA: a suitable polymer for pulmonary administered microparticles? Rohdewald, P; Wichert, B, )	0.13
" The slopes of the dose-response curves of FEV1 and plasma cAMP to intravenous S were unaffected by the two treatment courses."	( Effects of therapeutic doses of salbutamol alone and combined with beclomethasone dipropionate on airway responsiveness and cyclic AMP plasma levels in asthmatic patients. Adami, S; Ferrari, M; Lo Cascio, V; Olivieri, M; Prior, M; Romito, D; Squassante, L; Testi, R, 1993)	0.29
" Attempts to further decrease the dosage of steroids or to discontinue their use were met with immediate recurrences of manifestations of the disease."	( Usefulness of inhaled high-dose corticosteroids in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Cormier, Y; Imbeault, B, 1993)	0.29
"Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray given once daily in the morning is safe and effective therapy for perennial allergic rhinitis and is as effective as twice daily dosing with fluticasone propionate or beclomethasone dipropionate."	( Once daily fluticasone propionate is as effective for perennial allergic rhinitis as twice daily beclomethasone diproprionate. Bronsky, EA; Dockhorn, RJ; Grossman, J; Lumry, W; Meltzer, EO; Rogenes, PR; Seltzer, JM; van As, A, 1993)	0.29
" These results indicate that the dosing regimens of BDP AQ nasal suspensions used in this study lack systemic effects and are safe and well tolerated."	( Lack of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression with once-daily or twice-daily beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray administered to patients with allergic rhinitis. Affrime, MB; Brannan, MD; Herron, JM; Reidenberg, P, )	0.13
" The dose-response relationship to inhaled methacholine was expressed as the cumulative dose provoking a 20% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (PD20)."	( Effect of regular inhaled beclomethasone on exercise and methacholine airway responses in school children with recurrent wheeze. Croasdell, H; Doull, IJ; Freezer, NJ; Holgate, ST, 1995)	0.29
" However, dose-response data for this agent are limited."	( [High-dose inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and maximal improvements in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Ikeda, A; Izumi, T; Koyama, H; Nishimura, K; Tsukino, M; Zhang, M, 1995)	0.29
" BDP-ds is safe for children as young as 6 years of age, and its once-daily dosing schedule may improve patient compliance."	( Clinical review of once-daily beclomethasone dipropionate for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Chervinsky, P, )	0.13
" In this stepwise approach, inhaled corticosteroid is a key drug and establishment of the dosage of inhaled corticosteroid is most important."	( [Inhaled corticosteroid therapy in long-term management of adult asthma]. Adachi, M; Imai, T, 1996)	0.29
" To determine the dosage of ICS, it is important to weigh up the potential benefits and risks in each patient."	( [Concerns about adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids]. Hasegawa, T; Ishihara, K; Matsumoto, H, 1996)	0.29
" Both drugs were applied intranasally from pressurised aerosols at a daily dosage of 400 micrograms."	( A clinical comparison of intranasal budesonide with beclomethasone dipropionate for perennial non-allergic rhinitis: a 12 month study. Lindqvist, N; Synnerstad, B, )	0.13
" During the baseline period, the mean daily ICS dosage was 432 micrograms in the ketotifen group versus 408 micrograms in the placebo group (NS)."	( Does ketotifen have a steroid-sparing effect in childhood asthma? Canny, GJ; Levison, H; Reisman, J, 1997)	0.3
"We conclude that a single 50-microg dose of salmeterol has an excellent protective effect against exercise-induced asthma for at least 9 hours, but that this effect may wane during regular once-daily salmeterol treatment, despite the reduced frequency of dosing and despite concomitant use of inhaled glucocorticoids."	( Tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of salmeterol in adolescents with exercise-induced asthma using concurrent inhaled glucocorticoid treatment. Cheang, MS; Gerstner, TV; Simons, FE, 1997)	0.3
"A group of 20 patients with moderate bronchial asthma aged 18 through 65, previously treated with Becotide inhaler for 4 weeks was given Serevent in regular dosage for 4 weeks."	( [Serevent in the treatment of moderate bronchial asthma]. Acasandri, E; Arghir, O; Filip, G; Floca, L; Mihai, D; Panghea, P; Voicu, G, )	0.13
" A fourth treatment arm administering BDP 84, eight oral inhalations bid (HD BDP 84; 1,344 microg/d) was also included to determine whether a dose-response relationship could be demonstrated."	( A comparison of double-strength beclomethasone dipropionate (84 microg) MDI with beclomethasone dipropionate (42 microg) MDI in the treatment of asthma. Cuss, FM; Lorber, RR; Nathan, RA; Nolop, KB, 1997)	0.3
" A dose-response curve (DRC) and duration-time profile for FM (12 to 108 micrograms) was produced 1 h after administration of placebo tablets and after injection at 3 wk, and 1 h after administration of oral prednisolone, 50 mg, and intravenous hydrocortisone, 200 mg, at 4 wk."	( Systemic corticosteriod rapidly reverses bronchodilator subsensitivity induced by formoterol in asthmatic patients. Gnosspelius, Y; Grove, A; Hall, IP; Lipworth, BJ; McLean, A; Tan, KS, 1997)	0.3
"Little is known about the dose-response relationship of potential, unwanted, effects of inhaled beclomethasone (BDP) on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, particularly in nonspecialist clinic settings."	( Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate suppresses the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in a dose dependent manner. Cooke, RR; Durham, JA; Feek, CM; Grebe, SK; Kljakovic, M, 1997)	0.3
"The efficacy and safety of regular-strength beclomethasone dipropionate MDI prescribed within its recommended dosing range of 2 to 5 puffs three to four times daily has been well established in more than 25 years of worldwide use."	( A systemic bioactivity comparison of double-strength and regular-strength beclomethasone dipropionate MDI formulations. Affrime, MB; Brannan, MD; Herron, JM; Reidenberg, P, 1998)	0.3
"Beclomethasone dipropionate, administered either via a double-strength (84 microg/puff) or regular-strength (42 microg/puff) inhaler dosed at 840 microg/day showed no evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis suppression in adults with moderate asthma."	( A systemic bioactivity comparison of double-strength and regular-strength beclomethasone dipropionate MDI formulations. Affrime, MB; Brannan, MD; Herron, JM; Reidenberg, P, 1998)	0.3
" The authors conclude that studies with NED in nonatopic asthmatics should be continued, but the dosage of the drug ought to be bigger and the time of treatment ought to be longer."	( [The effect of nedocromil sodium on the clinical course, ventilatory parameters and nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with nonatopic bronchial asthma treated with beclomethasone dipropionate]. Grabski, W; Grzelewska-Rzymowska, I; Kroczyńska-Bednarek, J; Tymińska, K, 1997)	0.3
"Serum sex hormones, lymphocyte beta2-adrenoceptor parameters, and bronchodilator and systemic dose-response curves (DRCs) to albuterol (Salbutamol) (100 to 1,600 microg) were measured at both on and off periods."	( Beta2-adrenoceptor regulation and function in female asthmatic patients receiving the oral combined contraceptive pill. Lipworth, BJ; McFarlane, LC; Tan, KS, 1998)	0.3
"At this time, no placebo-controlled studies in the clinical literature compare the efficacy and safety of the most widely prescribed oral inhaled corticosteroids when dosed at their recommended daily doses."	( Comparative clinical study of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and triamcinolone acetonide in persistent asthma. Bronsky, E; Chen, R; Harris, AG; Korenblat, P, 1998)	0.3
" After dosing of BDP, the rate of rats developing diarrhea and melena decreased more with time in comparison with that of BDP-free rats, and the symptoms of all rats developing the diseases were improved on the day 4 after administration of a dose of 50 micrograms of BDP."	( [Therapeutic effects of beclomethasone dipropionate enemas on colon damage of inflammatory bowel disease model rats]. Aoyama, T; Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Nakajima, K; Sawada, Y; Shibuya, F; Shimada, S, 1998)	0.3
" Furthermore, topical nasal corticosteroids often fail, presumably due to the relatively small dosage actually absorbed by the polyps."	( Endoscopically guided frontal sinus beclomethasone instillation for refractory frontal sinus/recess mucosal edema and polyposis. Citardi, MJ; Kuhn, FA, )	0.13
" Higher or more frequent dosing of aerosolized beclomethasone may be necessary to achieve the anti-inflammatory response to parenterally administered dexamethasone."	( Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Flaminio, MJ; Gillespie, JR; Hakala, JE; Matson, CJ; Raub, ES; Rhoads, WS; Rush, BR, 1998)	0.3
" During the study, the dosage of BDP from both devices was 400 microgram twice daily."	( A new beclomethasone dipropionate multidose powder inhaler in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Kokkarinen, J; Laasonen, K; Laitinen, LA; Liippo, K; Lindqvist, A; Nieminen, MM; Paananen, M; Poukkula, A; Ruotsalainen, E; Salomaa, E; Silvasti, M; Söderblom, T; Sovijärvi, A; Vidgren, M; Vidgren, P, 1998)	0.3
" Both treatments were dosed at their most commonly used daily doses (within labeling)."	( A comparison of triamcinolone acetonide MDI with a built-in tube extender and beclomethasone dipropionate MDI in adult asthmatics. Berkowitz, R; Chen, R; Harris, AG; Rachelefsky, G, 1998)	0.3
" The interindividual variation was found to be mainly the time lag between dosage and maximum effect."	( The effects of the glucocorticoids prednisolone, deflazacort and beclomethasone-dipropionate on the RM 3/1 macrophage in human peripheral blood. Schmutzler, W; Zwadlo-Klarwasser, G, 1998)	0.3
"The object of this study was to examine the hypothesis that meter-dosed, inhaled beclomethasone administered to premature infants beginning at birth in a tapering dosage schedule over the first 12 days of life attenuates bronchoalveolar lining fluid oxyradical inflammation concomitant with modulation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia."	( Meter-dosed, inhaled beclomethasone attenuates bronchoalveolar oxyradical inflammation in premature infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Ciesielski, W; Eissenstat, RP; Gabbert, D; Kayata, S; Miller, J; Peters, ME; Shen, G; Shivpuri, C; Zimmerman, JJ, 1998)	0.3
" It was found that the dose-response relationship of Qvar is shifted to the left compared with CFC-BDP, such that equivalent improvements in asthma control are seen with half the daily dose of Qvar compared with the CFC formulation."	( Improvements in delivery with an extra fine beclomethasone aerosol. Davies, R, 1998)	0.3
" This double-blind study examined adrenal effects and pharmacokinetics after 14 days of dosing with HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate."	( Adrenal effects and pharmacokinetics of CFC-free beclomethasone dipropionate: a 14-day dose-response study. Colice, GL; Dockhorn, R; Donnell, D; Harrison, LI; Soria, I, 1999)	0.3
" MDI = pressure dosage inhalator)."	( [Budesonide (Turbuhaler) at a dosage of 400 micrograms per day is at least as effective as a double dose of beclomethasone (MDI) in patients with mild to moderately severe bronchial asthma]. Kraszkó, P; Malolepszy, J; Vondra, V, 1999)	0.3
"7 mmHg)) completed a randomized double-blind crossover study to evaluate the effects of a 4-week regular treatment with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate via nebulizers at a dosage of 2 mg twice daily."	( Four-week nebulized beclomethasone dipropionate in stable COPD patients with exertional dyspnoea. Di Gregorio, A; Melani, AS, 1999)	0.3
" The FEV(1) percent predicted dose-response curve for HFA-BDP was shifted to the left compared with the dose-response curve for CFC-BDP."	( Efficacy response of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in asthma is proportional to dose and is improved by formulation with a new propellant. Brazinsky, S; Busse, WW; Colice, GL; Donnell, D; Hannon, S; Jacobson, K; Schmitt, K; Stricker, W; Vanden Burgt, J, 1999)	0.3
" Further well designed trials are required in asthmatic patients to properly define their respective dose-response relationships for antiasthmatic and systemic adverse effects."	( Pharmacokinetics of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate. Jackson, CM; Lipworth, BJ, 1999)	0.3
" There is a need for comprehensive dose-response efficacy trials, with the use of the steep portion of the dose-response relationship, to evaluate the significance of these pharmacokinetic differences."	( Pharmacokinetic differences between chlorofluorocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-free metered dose inhalers of beclomethasone dipropionate in adult asthmatics. Cline, AC; Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Soria, I, 1999)	0.3
" Multiple day dosing also improved activity."	( Effects of several glucocorticosteroids and PDE4 inhibitors on increases in total lung eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) levels following either systemic or intratracheal administration in sephadex- or ovalbumin-induced inflammatory models. Egging, EA; Gullikson, GW; Hammerbeck, DM; Hupperts, AM; Johnson, DD; McGurran, SM; Radziszewski, PL, 2000)	0.31
" The dosage of iBDP was reduced by half once a month until the dose reached one-quarter of the original level."	( Serum eosinophil cationic protein for predicting the prognosis of a step-down in inhaled corticosteroid therapy in adult chronic asthmatics. Baba, K; Hattori, T; Kobayashi, T; Koishikawa, I; Takagi, K; Yoshida, K, 2000)	0.31
" However, unlike fluticasone, HFA-BDP does not show a propensity for blood or tissue accumulation when administered with a 12-h dosing interval."	( The comparative safety/efficacy ratio of HFA-BDP. Lipworth, BJ, 2000)	0.31
" A review of available information indicates that (1) sensitive tests can measure the effects of INSs on biologic feedback systems, but they do not accurately predict clinically relevant adverse effects; (2) the primary factors that influence the relationship between therapeutic and adverse systemic effects of INSs are dosing frequency and efficiency of hepatic inactivation of swallowed drug; (3) INS treatment in recommended doses does not cause clinically significant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression; (4) growth suppression can occur with twice-daily administration of certain INSs but does not appear to occur with once-daily dosing or with agents with more complete first-pass hepatic inactivation; (5) harmful effects of INSs on bone metabolism have not yet been adequately studied but would not be expected with the use of an INS dose and dosing frequency that do not suppress basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function or growth; and (6) these conclusions apply to INS treatment alone and in recommended doses-the risk of adverse effects in individual patients who are treated with INSs is increased by excessive dosing or concomitant inhaled corticosteroid or other topical corticosteroid therapy."	( Systemic effects of intranasal steroids: an endocrinologist's perspective. Allen, DB, 2000)	0.31
" There are insufficient data to draw any conclusions concerning dose-response in patients with severe disease."	( Inhaled beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma. Adams, NP; Bestall, JB; Jones, PW, 2000)	0.31
" A test lasting a few weeks at sufficient dosage is needed for subjective and objective (respiratory function tests) assessment."	( [Corticosteroid therapy of non-asthmatic chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathies]. Jébrak, G; Marceau, A; Pichot-Vérité, MH; Rullon, I, 2000)	0.31
" Increased lung deposition of QVAR permits a reduction in dosage relative to CFC-BDP."	( Efficacy and safety overview of a new inhaled corticosteroid, QVAR (hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone extrafine inhalation aerosol), in asthma. Busse, WW; Donnell, D; Martin, RJ; Szefler, SJ; Vanden Burgt, JA, 2000)	0.31
" The efficacy of budesonide was improved significantly by increasing the dosage to 800 microg daily."	( Efficacy of budesonide Turbuhaler compared with that of beclomethasone dipropionate pMDI in Japanese patients with moderately persistent asthma. Makino, S; Mano, K; Miyamoto, T; Nakajima, S; Nakashima, M; Selroos, O; Takahashi, T; Tollemar, U; Yamakido, M, 2001)	0.31
" PD20-FEV1 and deltaFVC% were assumed to indicate the horizontal shift of the dose-response curve and the vertical change in the maximal response plateau, respectively."	( Changes in indices of airway hyperresponsiveness during one year of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma. Hajiro, T; Ikeda, A; Nishimura, K; Oga, T; Tsukino, M, 2001)	0.31
" The contribution of the lung, nose and gut to the systemic exposure was assessed by repeating the inhaled, intranasal and oral dosing arms together with activated charcoal, to block oral absorption."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate: absolute bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism following intravenous, oral, intranasal and inhaled administration in man. Daley-Yates, PT; Dallow, N; Pereira, A; Price, AC; Sisson, JR, 2001)	0.31
" The mean percentage F of the active metabolite B-17-MP was 41% (31-54%), 44% (34-58%) and 62% (47-82%) for oral, intranasal and inhaled dosing without charcoal, respectively."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate: absolute bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism following intravenous, oral, intranasal and inhaled administration in man. Daley-Yates, PT; Dallow, N; Pereira, A; Price, AC; Sisson, JR, 2001)	0.31
"Unchanged BDP has negligible oral and intranasal bioavailability with limited absorption following inhaled dosing due to extensive (95%) presystemic conversion of BDP to B-17-MP in the lung."	( Beclomethasone dipropionate: absolute bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism following intravenous, oral, intranasal and inhaled administration in man. Daley-Yates, PT; Dallow, N; Pereira, A; Price, AC; Sisson, JR, 2001)	0.31
"00 h serum cortisol were measured after each placebo and dosing period."	( Dose-response for adrenal suppression with hydrofluoroalkane formulations of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate. Fowler, SJ; Lipworth, BJ; Orr, LC; Sims, EJ; Wilson, AM, 2001)	0.31
"To examine the dose-response relation of inhaled fluticasone propionate in adolescents and adults with asthma."	( Dose-response relation of inhaled fluticasone propionate in adolescents and adults with asthma: meta-analysis. Beasley, R; Cheng, S; Holt, S; Shirtcliffe, P; Suder, A; Weatherall, M, 2001)	0.31
" The dose-response curve for the raw data began to reach a plateau at around 100-200 microg/day and peaked by 500 microg/day."	( Dose-response relation of inhaled fluticasone propionate in adolescents and adults with asthma: meta-analysis. Beasley, R; Cheng, S; Holt, S; Shirtcliffe, P; Suder, A; Weatherall, M, 2001)	0.31
" However, these findings were limited by the lack of data on individual patients and by the paucity of dose-response studies that included doses of >500 microg/day."	( Dose-response relation of inhaled fluticasone propionate in adolescents and adults with asthma: meta-analysis. Beasley, R; Cheng, S; Holt, S; Shirtcliffe, P; Suder, A; Weatherall, M, 2001)	0.31
"001) despite the greater reduction of the beclomethasone dosage on omalizumab (p<0."	( The anti-IgE antibody omalizumab reduces exacerbations and steroid requirement in allergic asthmatics. Buhl, R; Della Cioppa, G; Fox, H; Gupta, N; Matz, J; O'Brien, J; Solèr, M; Thirlwell, J; Townley, R, 2001)	0.31
"Clinical studies comparing the potency of inhaled corticosteroids require steep dose-response slopes (b) and minimal response variability (s), as statistical power is inversely related to the s/b ratio."	( Asthma stability after oral prednisone: a clinical model for comparing inhaled steroid potency. Ahrens, RC; Donnell, D; Han, SH; Lux, CR; Teresi, ME; Vanden Burgt, JA, 2001)	0.31
"Fluticasone propionate or beclomethasone dipropionate, both at a dosage of 200 microg administered twice daily via a dry powder inhaler (Diskhaler) for 12 months."	( Effects of 2 inhaled corticosteroids on growth: results of a randomized controlled trial. Boner, AL; de Benedictis, FM; Green, RJ; Medley, H; Teper, A; Williams, L, 2001)	0.31
" These improvements were uninfluenced by dosing schedule and whether a spacing chamber was used."	( Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate improves acoustic measures of voice in patients with asthma. Adams, SG; Balter, MS; Chapman, KR, 2001)	0.31
"The purpose of this investigation was to compare the relative beneficial and systemic effects in a dose-response relationship for 2 ICSs."	( Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. Boushey, HA; Cherniack, RM; Chinchilli, VM; Craig, TJ; Dolovich, M; Drazen, JM; Fagan, JK; Fahy, JV; Fish, JE; Ford, JG; Israel, E; Kiley, J; King, TS; Kraft, M; Lazarus, SC; Lemanske, RF; Martin, RJ; Mauger, E; Peters, SP; Sorkness, CA; Szefler, SJ, 2002)	0.31
"The feasibility of prolonging drug action and/or reducing drug dosage using mucoadhesive beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) microspheres for powder inhalation was investigated."	( Mucoadhesive beclomethasone microspheres for powder inhalation: their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics evaluation. Kinoshita, W; Makino, Y; Sakagami, M; Sakon, K; Sato, J, 2002)	0.31
" For the six ICS and matching placebos (beclomethasone-chlorofluorocarbon [CFC], budesonide dry powder inhaler [DPI], fluticasone DPI, fluticasone-CFC metered dose inhaler [MDI], flunisolide-CFC, and triamcinolone-CFC), only the placebo group and fluticasone DPI did not demonstrate a significant dose-response effect."	( Systemic effect comparisons of six inhaled corticosteroid preparations. Boushey, HA; Cherniack, RM; Chinchilli, VM; Craig, TJ; Dolovich, M; Drazen, JM; Fagan, JK; Fahy, JV; Fish, JE; Ford, JG; Israel, E; Kraft, M; Kunselman, SJ; Lazarus, SC; Lemanske, RF; Martin, RJ; Peters, SP; Sorkness, CA; Szefler, SJ, 2002)	0.31
" The objective of this study was to compare the year-long safety of flunisolide HFA (daily dosage 340 microg) with that of CFC beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) (daily dosage 336 microg) and cromolyn sodium (daily dosage 6,400 microg) in children 4-11 years old with mild-to-moderate asthma."	( One-year trial on safety and normal linear growth with flunisolide HFA in children with asthma. Anolik, R; Gillman, SA; Newman, K; Schenkel, E, 2002)	0.31
" We also investigated the possibility of a dose-response relationship in users of beclomethasone."	( Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of diabetes among the elderly. Blais, L; Dendukuri, N; LeLorier, J, 2002)	0.31
" This study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of serial eNO in investigating the dose-response relationship for inhaled beclomethasone (BDP), and to compare eNO with other markers of airway inflammation."	( Exhaled NO and assessment of anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled steroid: dose-response relationship. Cowan, JO; Flannery, EM; Hancox, RJ; Herbison, P; Jones, SL; McLachlan, CR; Taylor, DR, 2002)	0.31
" Dosage of beclomethasone dipropionate was kept constant for 16 weeks (steroid-stable phase), then reduced over 8 weeks to the minimum effective dose (steroid-reduction phase)."	( Omalizumab improves asthma-related quality of life in children with allergic asthma. Everhard, F; Fowler-Taylor, A; Gupta, N; Lemanske, RF; McAlary, M; Nayak, A, 2002)	0.31
" A dose-response study confirmed that less than half the dose of HFA-BDP is needed to give the same efficacy as CFC-BDP."	( Local versus total systemic bioavailability of beclomethasone dipropionate CFC and HFA metered dose inhaler formulations. Harrison, LI, 2002)	0.31
" Among these children, an additional 24-week treatment at a lower steroid dosage was associated with a significant 52- and 100-week clinical improvement and with reduction of adenotonsillectomy compared with children (55%) who had not responded after the initial 2-week steroidal therapy."	( Frequency of surgery among children who have adenotonsillar hypertrophy and improve after treatment with nasal beclomethasone. Cinquegrana, G; Criscuoli, G; D'Amora, S; Impagliazzo, N; Mansi, N; Pisacane, A; Ripa, G, 2003)	0.32
" The daily dosage of prednisolone and beclomethasone was progressively decreased while the gain in nasal comfort was being preserved."	( Corticosteroid treatment in nasal polyposis with a three-year follow-up period. Avan, P; Bonfils, P; Halimi, P; Norès, JM, 2003)	0.32
" The once-daily BDP dosing (400 micro g/day) therefore has a similar efficacy and safety profile as the same daily dose given in a twice-daily regimen."	( Comparison of once- versus twice-daily use of beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray in the treatment of allergic and non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis. Cantini, L; Cheseaux, C; Giger, R; Lacroix, JS; Landis, BN; Pasche, P; Rossetti, A, 2003)	0.32
"Comparison of asthma exacerbation rates, asthma related visits to general practice and hospital, health status measures, and corticosteroid dosage between the two groups."	( Stepping down inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: randomised controlled trial. Ford, I; Hawkins, G; McMahon, AD; Thomson, NC; Twaddle, S; Wood, SF, 2003)	0.32
" To resolve this issue, studies are needed to identify the risk/benefit ratio of different delivery techniques and dosing schedules for the administration of these medications."	( Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants. Halliday, H; Ohlsson, A; Shah, SS; Shah, VS, 2003)	0.32
" Airway sensitivity and reactivity were measured by continuous inhalation of methacholine, on the basis of the methacholine respiratory resistance dose-response curve."	( Relationship of airway wall thickness to airway sensitivity and airway reactivity in asthma. Chin, K; Matsumoto, H; Mishima, M; Niimi, A; Takemura, M; Ueda, T, 2003)	0.32
" Attention to dosage is required as the amount of Candida increased with dose of fluticasone."	( Oral candidiasis associated with inhaled corticosteroid use: comparison of fluticasone and beclomethasone. Fukushima, C; Kohno, S; Matsuse, H; Miyazaki, Y; Obase, Y; Shimoda, T; Tomari, S, 2003)	0.32
" It is likely that once-daily dosing and patient preference for the sensory attributes of TAA AQ may enhance treatment compliance."	( A comparison of once-daily triamcinolone acetonide aqueous and twice-daily beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal sprays in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. el-Akkad, T; Hampel, F; Kiechel, F; LaForce, C; Lumry, W; Murray, JJ, )	0.13
" BDP dosage was stable for weeks 1 to 16, then reduced during weeks 17 to 24 using strict safety criteria."	( Evaluation of long-term safety of the anti-IgE antibody, omalizumab, in children with allergic asthma. Berger, W; Fowler-Taylor, A; Gupta, N; McAlary, M, 2003)	0.32
" The daily dosage of prednisolone and beclomethasone was progressively decreased while the gain in nasal comfort was being preserved."	( [Sino-nasal polyposis. Evaluation of the efficacy of combined local and general corticotherapy in a series of 100 consecutive patients with a 3-year follow-up]. Avant, P; Bonfils, P; Norès, JM, 2002)	0.31
" The study population comprised 174 929 consulting patients, of whom 9878 patients were prescribed budesonide, fluticasone, or beclomethasone with full dosing instructions."	( Differential prescribing of inhaled corticosteroids in New Zealand general practice. Hall, J; Penrose, A; Reid, J; Tomlin, A, 2003)	0.32
" These data indicate that FP is more effective than a twofold higher dosage of BDP and that better compliance with the use of FP, probably because of improved various factors associated with FP compliance, contributes to FP efficacy."	( Efficacy of fluticasone propionate compared with beclomethasone dipropionate in bronchial asthma: improvement in compliance and symptoms by fluticasone. Akazawa, K; Gejyo, F; Hasegawa, T; Kawada, T; Koya, T; Sasahara, K; Satoh, H; Suzuki, E; Suzuki, T, )	0.13
" Although compliance to this type of medication is often suboptimal and once-daily dosing can help to improve adherence to the treatment, the clinical implications of such a mode of administration should be determined."	( Once-daily inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma. Boulet, LP, 2004)	0.32
" An increased frequency of dosing seems preferable if asthma becomes uncontrolled or is severe, although this requires further study."	( Once-daily inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma. Boulet, LP, 2004)	0.32
" There were 3 consecutive study periods: 1) stable dosing of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) when the dose was optimized (period of 16 weeks); 2) inhaled steroid-reduction phase (period of 12 weeks), during which BDP was tapered if subjects remained stable; and 3) open-label extension phase, during which subjects receiving placebo were switched to active omalizumab (period of 24 weeks)."	( Exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma receiving Xolair (omalizumab), a monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E antibody. Gupta, N; Milgrom, H; Romero, FA; Silkoff, PE; Townley, RG, 2004)	0.32
" The daily dosage of prednisolone and beclometasone was progressively decreased, while the gain in nasal comfort was being preserved."	( Medical treatment of stage I nasal polyposis over a 3-year follow-up period. Avan, P; Bonfils, P; Halimi, P; Norès, JM, 2004)	0.32
" Long-term comparisons with CFC-BDP have confirmed the durability of the 2:1 daily dosing ratio of CFC-BDP:QVAR in adults."	( The efficacy and safety of QVAR (hydrofluoroalkane-beclometasone diproprionate extrafine aerosol) in asthma (part 1): an update of clinical experience in adults. Donnell, D; Van Schayck, CP, 2004)	0.32
" There are insufficient data to draw any conclusions concerning dose-response in people with severe asthma."	( Inhaled beclomethasone versus placebo for chronic asthma. Adams, NP; Bestall, JB; Jones, PW; Lasserson, TJ; Malouf, R, 2005)	0.33
" Further research is required to accurately identify infants at highest risk of developing CLD, the corticosteroid dosage associated with a positive risk: benefit ratio and preferably a safer and more effective alternative therapy."	( Corticosteroids in infant chronic lung disease. Greenough, A; May, C, )	0.13
" Drug use in the 6 months before and after step-up in treatment from inhaled corticosteroids [ICs; total daily dosage of < or =1000 microg beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) or equivalent] to either salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination (SFC) or concurrent BDP and long-acting beta(2)-agonists (LABAs) given in separate inhalers was compared."	( Short-acting beta 2-agonist and oral corticosteroid use in asthma patients prescribed either concurrent beclomethasone and long-acting beta 2-agonist or salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination. Angus, R; Cheesbrough, A; Reagon, R, 2005)	0.33
" The dosage was reduced by 50-100 microg each time, at intervals of 3 months."	( Successful withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in childhood asthma. Perera, BJ, 2005)	0.33
"4 months (range 4-12 months) and the average period of maintenance dosing was 11."	( Successful withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in childhood asthma. Perera, BJ, 2005)	0.33
" The comparisons among the peaks obtained with increasing doses showed a dose-response effect on GH secretion, starting from 100 to 1,000 microg."	( Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate acutely stimulates dose-dependent growth hormone secretion in healthy subjects. Bertoldo, F; De Blasio, F; Franchina, G; Lo Cascio, V; Olivieri, M, 2005)	0.33
" All patients received inhaled corticosteroids; only 44 had high dosed corticosteroids."	( [Treatment compliance in asthma: a Tunisian transversal study]. Ali, BK; Ikram, D; Radhouane, F; Sonia, M, 2005)	0.33
"During an observational survey, steroid-naive patients received ICS in a dosage of 400-2,000 mug/day."	( Asthma control following initial inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy in mild to moderate asthma: a 4- to 8-week observational study. Dusser, D; Giraud, V; Rogeaux, Y, 2006)	0.33
" In this situation, administration of hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone dipropionate (HFA-BDP), 400 microg/day, was started instead of BUD, and then improvement of the clinical symptoms, PEF and pulmonary function were observed promptly, followed by reduction in the dosage of PSL and a short-acting beta-stimulant."	( [A case of severe persistent bronchial asthma who showed significant improvement by switching to hfa-bdp, with reducing the dosage of oral steroids]. Ohbayashi, H, 2005)	0.33
" In an international multicentre cross-sectional survey, 395 inhaler users from community pharmacy (mean age 50, 53% female), divided into 4 daily dosage groups (beta2-agonist without ICS n=66, beclometasone dipropionate (BDP) equivalent ICS low dose 400 microg, n=109; mid dose 401-800 microg, n=151; and high dose>800 microg, n=69) reported how much they were affected by these side effects on a 7-point Likert scale."	( Higher patient perceived side effects related to higher daily doses of inhaled corticosteroids in the community: a cross-sectional analysis. Aucott, L; Foster, JM; Postma, DS; Schraa, G; van der Meijden, MJ; van der Molen, T; van der Werf, RH, 2006)	0.33
" Cross-sectional survey results showed significant differences in side effect perception between the four dosage groups for 31 items (all P0."	( Higher patient perceived side effects related to higher daily doses of inhaled corticosteroids in the community: a cross-sectional analysis. Aucott, L; Foster, JM; Postma, DS; Schraa, G; van der Meijden, MJ; van der Molen, T; van der Werf, RH, 2006)	0.33
" The key findings are that all inhaled corticosteroids demonstrate a dose-response relationship for efficacy measures, but most of the benefit in mild-to-moderate severity disease is gained in the low-to-moderate dose range of each drug."	( The dose-response characteristics of inhaled corticosteroids when used to treat asthma: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Adams, NP; Jones, PW, 2006)	0.33
" BDP/formoterol HFA pMDI was noninferior to fixed-combination budesonide/formoterol (the daily dosage of BDP was half that of budesonide) in terms of lung function, asthma symptoms and use of rescue medications in adults with moderate to severe asthma."	( Beclometasone dipropionate/formoterol: in an HFA-propelled pressurised metered-dose inhaler. Dhillon, S; Keating, GM, 2006)	0.33
" A twice daily dosing is more efficient, particularly for initiation of maintenance therapy, than a once daily dosing."	( [Fluticasone propionate in children and infants with asthma]. Devillier, P; Foussier, V; Le Bourgeois, M; Marchac, V; Polak, M, 2007)	0.34
") completely reversed the rightward shift of the formoterol dose-response curve due to beta(2)-receptor desensitisation."	( Formoterol and beclomethasone dipropionate interact positively in antagonising bronchoconstriction and inflammation in the lung. Bergamaschi, M; Berti, F; Bolzoni, P; Civelli, M; Razzetti, R; Rossoni, G; Villetti, G, 2007)	0.34
" To resolve this issue, studies are needed to identify the risk/benefit ratio of different delivery techniques and dosing schedules for the administration of these medications."	( Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants. Halliday, H; Ohlsson, A; Shah, SS; Shah, VS, 2007)	0.34
" QTc, blood pressure and heart rate over 12h, and plasma lactate and glucose over 3h following dosing were assessed."	( Tolerability of high cumulative doses of the HFA modulite beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol combination inhaler in asthmatic patients. Acerbi, D; Borrill, Z; Meuleners, L; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Singh, D; Woodcock, A, 2008)	0.35
" The results of our study strongly support the use of steroids to control allergic fungal sinusitis and prevent its recurrence, and we recommend further study to identify the optimal dosage and duration of therapy."	( Management of allergic fungal sinusitis with postoperative oral and nasal steroids: a controlled study. Abbas, A; Akhtar, S; Ikram, M; Iqbal, M; Onali, MA; Suhail, A, 2009)	0.35
" Two recently completed trials have demonstrated that with respect to asthma control the combination of inhaled steroid (400 - 800 microg/d) plus theophylline is at least as effective as doubling the dose of inhaled steroid in patients who remain symptomatic on a dosage of 400 - 800 microg daily."	( [Asthma therapy: combination of topical glucocorticosteroids and theophylline]. Ukena, D, 1997)	0.3
" Patients were randomized to treatment with thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate, dosage 250 mg/day in 2 administrations plus beclomethasone with a dosage of 400 microg/day in 2 administrations, or no treatment, control group, unless required."	( Aerosol antibiotic therapy in children with chronic upper airway infections: a potential alternative to surgery. Castelnuovo, P; Macchi, A, )	0.13
" Delivery of a potent glucocorticoid such as 17-BMP to the pulmonary artery after oral dosing of BDP may be useful in modulating pulmonary inflammation and preventing the development of non-infectious pulmonary complications after allogeneic HCT."	( Influence of oral beclomethasone dipropionate on early non-infectious pulmonary outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: results from two randomized trials. Chien, JW; Gooley, TA; McDonald, GB; Sakai, M; Schoch, HG, 2010)	0.36
" Both MF-DPI doses tested are twice the approved pediatric dosage of 100 microg once-daily (QD) for children aged 4-11 years."	( Long-term safety of mometasone furoate administered via a dry powder inhaler in children: Results of an open-label study comparing mometasone furoate with beclomethasone dipropionate in children with persistent asthma. Corren, J; Leflein, J; Noonan, M; Staudinger, H, 2009)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to determine the dose-response relationship of ICS use and risk of cataracts in adults."	( Dose-response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids and cataracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Beasley, R; Clay, J; James, K; Perrin, K; Shirtcliffe, P; Weatherall, M, 2009)	0.35
" These findings reinforce the importance of prescribing within the therapeutic dose-response range for ICS in asthma and the need to determine the dose-response relationship for the efficacy of ICS in COPD."	( Dose-response relationship of inhaled corticosteroids and cataracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Beasley, R; Clay, J; James, K; Perrin, K; Shirtcliffe, P; Weatherall, M, 2009)	0.35
" Improved adherence to mometasone furoate versus beclomethasone dipropionate may be related to a simpler dosing regimen (ie, once daily vs twice daily)."	( Mometasone furoate versus beclomethasone dipropionate: effectiveness in patients with mild asthma. Friedman, HS; McLaughlin, JM; Navaratnam, P; Urdaneta, E, 2010)	0.36
" Post oral dosing no BDP was detected in all urine samples and no 17-BMP or BOH was excreted in the first 30 min."	( Urinary pharmacokinetic methodology to determine the relative lung bioavailability of inhaled beclometasone dipropionate. Chrystyn, H; Harding, LP; Said, AS, 2012)	0.38
" Follow-up dose-response studies revealed that 12 of the 13 known EGFR inhibitors in the library were confirmed as hits."	( A high-content biosensor-based screen identifies cell-permeable activators and inhibitors of EGFR function: implications in drug discovery. Antczak, C; Bhinder, B; Calder, PA; Djaballah, H; Mahida, JP, 2012)	0.38
" To resolve this issue, studies are needed to identify the risk/benefit ratio of different delivery techniques and dosing schedules for the administration of these medications."	( Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants. Halliday, HL; Ohlsson, A; Shah, SS; Shah, VS, 2012)	0.38
" Because they might have fewer adverse effects than systemic steroids, further randomised controlled trials of inhaled steroids are needed that address risk/benefit ratio of different delivery techniques, dosing schedules and long-term effects, with particular attention to neurodevelopmental outcome."	( Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates. Halliday, HL; Ohlsson, A; Shah, SS; Shah, VS, 2012)	0.38
"The fixed combination of beclomethasone (BDP) and formoterol pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) (Foster®, Chiesi Farmaceutici) is being developed in the lower strength (BDP/formoterol: 50/6 μg) to provide an appropriate dosage for children with asthma."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of inhaled fixed combination vs. the free combination of beclomethasone and formoterol pMDIs in asthmatic children. Acerbi, D; Bisgaard, A; Bisgaard, H; Chawes, BL; Ciurlia, G; Deleuran, M; Dossing, A; Kreiner-Møller, E; Mortensen, L; Nilson, E; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Poorisrisak, P; Samandari, N; Sergio, F; Skytt, NL; Vissing, NH, 2013)	0.39
" These results have implications during dosage form design, testing, and for usage patient use."	( In vitro investigation of the effect of ambient humidity on regional delivered dose with solution and suspension MDIs. Church, T; Finlay, WH; Hoe, S; Lewis, D; Shemirani, FM; Vehring, R, 2013)	0.39
"Drug loaded hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) sprays can generate effective pharmaceutical formulations, but a deeper understanding of the manner in which these dynamic systems drive the process of in situ semi-solid dosage form assembly is required."	( Topical corticosteroid delivery into human skin using hydrofluoroalkane metered dose aerosol sprays. Benaouda, F; Brown, MB; Jones, SA; Khengar, R; Reid, ML, 2013)	0.39
"18; 215 women), no differences in maternal or neonatal outcomes were seen between the different betamethasone dosing intervals assessed."	( Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Bain, E; Brownfoot, FC; Crowther, CA; Gagliardi, DI; Middleton, P, 2013)	0.39
" Apart from the suggestion that 12-hour dosing may be as effective as 24-hour dosing of betamethasone based on one small trial, few other conclusions about optimal antenatal corticosteroid regimens were able to be made."	( Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Bain, E; Brownfoot, FC; Crowther, CA; Gagliardi, DI; Middleton, P, 2013)	0.39
" Patients remaining on FP-SAL (n=1,146) were compared with those switched to efBDP-FOR at an equivalent or lower inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dosage (n=382)."	( Clinical and cost effectiveness of switching asthma patients from fluticasone-salmeterol to extra-fine particle beclometasone-formoterol: a retrospective matched observational study of real-world patients. Brockman, J; Burden, A; Gruffydd-Jones, K; Harris, T; Haughney, J; King, C; Lavorini, F; Papi, A; Price, D; Ryan, D; Small, I, 2013)	0.39
"05) odds of achieving overall asthma control (no asthma-related hospitalisations, bronchial infections, or acute oral steroids; salbutamol ≤200μg/day) and lower daily short-acting β2-agonist usage at a lower daily ICS dosage (mean -130μg/day FP equivalents; p<0."	( Clinical and cost effectiveness of switching asthma patients from fluticasone-salmeterol to extra-fine particle beclometasone-formoterol: a retrospective matched observational study of real-world patients. Brockman, J; Burden, A; Gruffydd-Jones, K; Harris, T; Haughney, J; King, C; Lavorini, F; Papi, A; Price, D; Ryan, D; Small, I, 2013)	0.39
"Asthma patients may be switched from FP-SAL to efBDP-FOR at an equivalent or lower ICS dosage with no reduction in clinical effectiveness but a significant reduction in cost."	( Clinical and cost effectiveness of switching asthma patients from fluticasone-salmeterol to extra-fine particle beclometasone-formoterol: a retrospective matched observational study of real-world patients. Brockman, J; Burden, A; Gruffydd-Jones, K; Harris, T; Haughney, J; King, C; Lavorini, F; Papi, A; Price, D; Ryan, D; Small, I, 2013)	0.39
"Asthma guidelines recommend prescription of inhaled corticosteroids at a reduced dosage in children compared to older patients in order to minimize the systemic exposure and risk of unwanted side effects."	( The systemic exposure to inhaled beclometasone/formoterol pMDI with valved holding chamber is independent of age and body size. Acerbi, D; Baronio, R; Bisgaard, H; Chawes, BL; Govoni, M; Kuna, P; Lucci, G; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Singh, D, 2015)	0.42
" Group 2 received monotherapy with beclomethasone dipropionate as the stable dosage of < or = 500 microg/day."	( [Possibility of achieving and maintaining asthma control in patients with bronchial cold hyperreactivity]. Kolosov, VP; Mal'tseva, TA; Perel'man, IuM; Pirogov, AB; Prikhod'ko, AG, 2014)	0.4
"The systemic exposure to the active ingredients of BDP/formoterol administered as DPI correlates inversely with age and body size suggesting that dry powder dosage regimens should be adjusted for age and body size to avoid high systemic drug levels in children."	( Systemic exposure to inhaled beclometasone/formoterol DPI is age and body size dependent. Acerbi, D; Bisgaard, A; Bisgaard, H; Chawes, BL; Ciurlia, G; Deleuran, M; Dossing, A; Govoni, M; Kreiner-Møller, E; Mortensen, L; Nilsson, E; Piccinno, A; Poli, G; Poorisrisak, P; Samandari, N; Sergio, F; Singh, D; Skytt, NL; Vissing, NH, 2014)	0.4
" In order to provide an alternative drug delivery system for BDP/FF to physicians and patients, a dry powder inhaler (NEXThaler(®)) has been developed, capable to deliver extrafine particles to the lungs and therefore improve the dosing of the drugs, especially in patients with poor hand-breath coordination."	( Extrafine beclomethasone/formoterol combination via a dry powder inhaler (NEXThaler(®)) or pMDI and beclomethasone monotherapy for maintenance of asthma control in adult patients: A randomised, double-blind trial. Francisco, C; Kanniess, F; Petruzzelli, S; Scuri, M; Vezzoli, S, 2015)	0.42
" These results support the indication for use of inhaled corticosteroid/long acting β2 -adrenoceptor agonist pMDIs in adolescents at the same dosage as in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an extrafine fixed pMDI combination of beclometasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate in adolescent asthma. Acerbi, D; Govoni, M; Kuna, P; Lucci, G; Scuri, M; Stelmach, I, 2015)	0.42
"This multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study aimed to determine the dose-response of the long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) glycopyrronium bromide (GB) when added to beclometasone dipropionate plus formoterol fumarate (BDP/FF) in patients with COPD."	( The bronchodilator effects of extrafine glycopyrronium added to combination treatment with beclometasone dipropionate plus formoterol in COPD: A randomised crossover study (the TRIDENT study). Bonnet-Gonod, F; Cohuet, G; Hoffmann, M; Muraro, A; Petruzzelli, S; Schröder-Babo, W; Siergiejko, Z; Singh, D, 2016)	0.43
"To resolve this issue, studies are needed to identify the risk/benefit ratio of different delivery techniques and dosing schedules for administration of these medications."	( Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm infants. Halliday, HL; Ohlsson, A; Shah, SS; Shah, VS, 2017)	0.46
" Because they might have fewer adverse effects than systemic steroids, further randomised controlled trials of inhaled steroids are needed that address risk/benefit ratio of different delivery techniques, dosing schedules and long-term effects, with particular attention to neurodevelopmental outcome."	( Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates. Halliday, HL; Ohlsson, A; Shah, SS; Shah, VS, 2017)	0.46
" The effect of such dose increase on the behaviour of aerosol dispersion was investigated to gain greater insight in the development and optimisation of higher dosed carrier-based formulations."	( Limitations of high dose carrier based formulations. Church, T; Lewis, D; Traini, D; Tweedie, A; Yeung, S; Young, PM, 2018)	0.48
" Further randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimum dosing regimen."	( Oral beclomethasone dipropionate is an effective treatment for immune checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis. Alexander, JL; Furness, A; Hunter, N; Ibraheim, H; Larkin, J; Papa, S; Pavlidis, P; Pickering, L; Powell, N; Richards, C; Shum, B; Speight, A; Teare, JP; Turajlic, S; Wotherspoon, A, 2022)	0.72

Class	Description
21-hydroxy steroid
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
IDH1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.4611	0.0052	10.8652	35.4813	AID686970
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	89.1251	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.2311	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624297
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	881 (30.65)	18.7374
1990's	813 (28.29)	18.2507
2000's	697 (24.25)	29.6817
2010's	410 (14.27)	24.3611
2020's	73 (2.54)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,154 (37.44%)	5.53%
Reviews	289 (9.38%)	6.00%
Case Studies	181 (5.87%)	4.05%
Observational	14 (0.45%)	0.25%
Other	1,444 (46.85%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.03	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2.41	1	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.08	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	3.8	2	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
creatine [no description available]	3.41	1	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.66	6	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	1.96	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	3.39	1	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	3.46	7	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
histamine [no description available]	11.1	39	20	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.08	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.15	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.02	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.92	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
croton oil [no description available]	1.95	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	5.24	6	2	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.35	4	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	3.35	1	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	1.97	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	3.36	1	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	1.95	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.4	1	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	20.56	317	134	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.41	2	0	aromatic amine
theophylline [no description available]	15.87	105	29	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	3.04	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	3.16	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	7.65	10	2	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	8.43	8	6	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.48	2	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	10.45	10	7	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.92	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
seratrodast [no description available]	3.39	1	1	organic molecular entity
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
caffeine [no description available]	3.4	1	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.78	2	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.1	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carvedilol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	1.98	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	7.13	6	5	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.97	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	4.32	2	2	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.45	1	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.1	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.97	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	6	4	2	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	4.28	1	1	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	2	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.01	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.02	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.05	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
ebastine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.03	1	0
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.15	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	7.25	12	3	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fenspiride fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma	3.41	1	1	azaspiro compound
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.79	2	1	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.03	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	1.97	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.25	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	4.06	3	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	4.43	1	1
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	5.88	9	3	methoxybenzenes
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	1.97	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.35	1	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	3.42	1	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	1.97	1	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibudilast [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.37	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	5.59	5	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.11	1	0	piperidines
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	4.28	4	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoetharine Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.	1.95	1	0	catecholamine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	1.95	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	7.82	15	1	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	3.06	5	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	5.78	8	3	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.01	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	8.62	11	10	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	3.41	1	1	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	10.46	16	6	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	8.04	13	2	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	3.04	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	3.1	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	3.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	5	5	2	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	3.75	2	1	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	4.89	2	1	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.01	1	0	oxopurine
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	1.96	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	3.15	1	0	pyridines
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	7.93	11	8	chromones
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	1.95	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	6.5	5	1	quinolines
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	1.95	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	7.43	5	3	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
rolipram [no description available]	2.42	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.17	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	4.9	2	0
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	1.95	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	11.03	35	14	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	7.21	4	3	diarylmethane
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	3.36	1	1	aromatic amine
tulobuterol [no description available]	4.37	2	2	organochlorine compound
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	7.13	6	5	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
corticosterone [no description available]	5.37	4	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	16.91	151	46	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.58	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	2	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	4.62	3	2	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.95	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	5.38	5	3	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.02	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
tetrahydrocortisol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	16.76	140	52	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
tetrahydrocortisone [no description available]	1.95	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.06	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.	3.06	1	0	fluorinated steroid
androsterone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	1.97	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	1.98	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.37	2	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.01	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	4.96	2	1	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.36	2	2	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.76	3	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.03	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	4.43	1	1	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	10.37	17	13	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.96	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.41	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.04	3	3	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.57	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	11.58	42	32	quaternary ammonium salt
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	3.35	1	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.86	11	0	lactose
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	3.79	2	1
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.13	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.75	2	1	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	15.55	80	27	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone	3.35	1	1	corticosteroid hormone
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.15	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.1	4	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.13	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichlorofluoromethane trichlorofluoromethane: refrigerant, aerosol propellant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trichlorofluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by three chlorine and one fluorine atom.	2.05	1	0	chlorofluorocarbon; halomethane	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; NMR solvent; refrigerant
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	14.1	60	14	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	5.97	10	3	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.08	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	15.73	161	81	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.11	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	2.35	2	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.96	4	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.04	1	0	xanthene
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.21	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.31	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	6.09	3	2	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	4.61	3	2	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.08	1	0	fatty acid ester
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	2.03	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.36	1	1	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	3.77	2	1	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
pentoxyl Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidone
fluocortolone Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.	5.91	7	4	21-hydroxy steroid
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.07	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.38	1	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.04	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	4.27	4	1	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
paraoxon [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	3.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	8.34	17	4	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
fluocinonide Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.	3.74	2	1	organic molecular entity
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	12.47	44	14	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.6	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.04	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	1.97	1	0
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	1.98	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	9.92	8	5
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.52	2	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	1.99	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	4.97	3	3	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
algestone Algestone: A synthetic progestational dihydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE. Its acetonide possesses anti-inflammatory properties.. algestone : A C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at position 3 and 20 and hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17.	2.65	3	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	progestin
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	13.4	25	11	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.29	1	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.37	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	3.78	2	1	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
perfluoropentane perfluoropentane: inert expander of tissue spaces, liquid at room temperature, but gaseous at body temperatures; used in experimental eye surgery; structure. perfluoropentane : A fluorocarbon that is pentane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.1	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon	radioopaque medium; ultrasound contrast agent
norflurane norflurane: may replace R 12 as air-conditioning refrigerant; structure given in first source	3.87	3	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.08	1	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.13	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	1.95	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
flurandrenolone Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)	4.05	3	1	21-hydroxy steroid
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.41	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
flumethasone Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.	4.06	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	8.72	22	8	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
dexamethasone isonicotinate Dexamethasone Isonicotinate: An anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention.	5.98	6	5	corticosteroid hormone
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	1.95	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
copper(ii) nitrate copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.	2.06	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	4.43	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
triamcinolone hexacetonide triamcinolone hexacetonide: structure	3.06	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.	2.37	2	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	9.97	13	8	manganese group element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	3.19	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.08	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.03	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.39	2	0
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
rhamnose [no description available]	1.98	1	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	4.35	2	2	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.	2.08	1	0	butyrate ester; cortisol ester; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	dermatologic drug; drug allergen
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.03	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	1.96	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	4.86	2	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	17.27	186	44	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.91	4	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	3.36	1	1	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	13.44	36	20	benzenes; phenyl acetates
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	10.73	23	5	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	2	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.36	1	1
algestone acetophenide Algestone Acetophenide: A progesterone that has been used in ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION and has been evaluated as an injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol enanthate. It is also applied topically as an anti-inflammatory and in the treatment of ACNE.	2.65	3	0
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.46	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.01	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.1	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
bitolterol bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.	1.98	1	0	carboxylic ester; diester; ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; prodrug
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	1.99	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p [no description available]	1.99	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	3.03	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	3.36	1	1	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
doxantrazole doxantrazole: structure	1.98	1	0
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	8.55	25	18	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
levocabastine levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis	7.11	3	2	piperidines
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	3.38	1	1	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.69	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	16.4	74	43	naphthoic acid
zileuton [no description available]	3.42	1	1	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.25	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
atorvastatin [no description available]	6.46	3	3	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	1.96	1	0
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	1.95	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
beclomethasone 17-monopropionate beclomethasone 17-monopropionate: ester of beclomethasone	7.84	23	9
dexamethasone dipropionate [no description available]	3.27	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.38	1	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.03	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
betamethasone sodium phosphate betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.	3.36	1	1	organic sodium salt; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	3.37	1	1	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.37	1	1	1,2,3-triazole
apaflurane [no description available]	17.83	116	54
broxaterol broxaterol: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.38	1	1
suplatast tosilate [no description available]	4.86	4	2
prednisolone phosphate prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.	4.97	3	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; glucocorticoid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist; prodrug
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.1	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones	15.48	74	27	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.42	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.76	2	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	3.37	1	1
halopredone acetate halopredone acetate: RN given refers to (6beta,11beta)-isomer; structure	3.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
lopinavir [no description available]	3.1	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.75	2	1
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	3.79	2	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	5.21	4	3
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	4.63	3	2	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.74	2	1	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.42	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	3.44	1	1	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
diprofos [no description available]	3.78	2	1
methotrexate [no description available]	6.15	5	2	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
rp 73401 piclamilast: an antiasthmatic agent and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; structure in first source. piclamilast : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
birb 796 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	3.78	2	1
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	6.53	6	1
prednisolone 21-3-sulfobenzoate prednisolone 21-3-sulfobenzoate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	3.78	2	1	corticosteroid hormone
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.15	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.47	1	1	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
erythritol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	3.76	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.11	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	5.97	4	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
bradykinin [no description available]	3.38	1	1	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	3.34	1	1	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	12.75	41	11	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	1.98	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.05	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.	4.07	3	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	1.99	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	6.13	5	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	1.98	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.12	3	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	4.74	2	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
roflumilast [no description available]	9.3	7	5	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.41	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	1.95	1	0	cyclic peptide
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.21	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	4.93	2	1	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.21	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
nadp [no description available]	2	1	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	3.06	5	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	1.96	1	0
21-deacetyldeflazacort 21-deacetyldeflazacort: RN given refers to (11beta,16beta)-isomer	2.25	1	0
fusafungin fusafungin: antibiotic from Fusarium lateririum; for treatment of respiratory infections. enniatin : A class of six-membered cyclodepsipeptides found in several species of Fusarium fungi as mixtures.	1.97	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.42	7	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	7.51	10	6
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.1	1	0
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.43	1	1	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.01	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	4.09	3	1	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	3.44	1	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	3.37	1	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.4	1	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	21.23	347	94	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	13.38	34	20	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.41	1	0	alpha-humulene
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.53	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	3.43	1	1	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	7.77	13	6	hydrochloride
cloprednol cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure	3.75	2	1	21-hydroxy steroid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.04	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	1.96	1	0	cyclodextrin
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	1.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	4.57	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
desonide Desonide: A nonfluorinated corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used topically for DERMATOSES.. desonide : Triamcinolone acetonide with hydrogen instead of the fluorine substituent at position 9. A corticosteroid anti-inflammatory, it is used topically as a cream, ointment or lotion for the treatment of various skin disorders.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; cyclic ketal; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	20.97	260	87	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	3.41	1	1
su 11248 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.11	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.25	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.03	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	4.21	2	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.08	3	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	3.04	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	11.56	14	6
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	3.1	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	1.99	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
enofelast [no description available]	1.97	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	1.98	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
oxitropium oxitropium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	3.43	1	1
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	11.7	22	5	organic molecular entity
indacaterol indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	7.49	4	2	indanes; monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.73	3	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	1.95	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	2.05	1	0
fluticasone furoate fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.81	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; prodrug
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	4.1	3	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
cdp 840 CDP 840: RN refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0
vilanterol [no description available]	4.03	3	0	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene; ether; phenols; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	1.98	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	4.95	3	3	nystatins
gsk573719 GSK573719: Muscarinic Antagonist. umeclidinium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is quinuclidine substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl and hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.31	1	0
aclidinium bromide aclidinium bromide: a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008. aclidinium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the bromide salt of aclidinium. A muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor antagonist, for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	3.53	1	1	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	bronchodilator agent; muscarinic antagonist
xibornol xibornol: structure. xibornol : A bridged compound that is 3,4-xylenol carrying an additional isobornyl substituent at position 6. A lipophilic antibacterial drug mainly used in spray dosage forms for the local treatment of infection and inflammation of the throat.	1.97	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2	1	0	benzoxazole
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.42	2	0
tixocortol pivalate tixocortol pivalate: used in drug therapy of allergic rhinitis, structure. tixocortol pivalate : The pivalate thioester of tixocortol.	5.84	7	1	corticosteroid; pivalate ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; thioester	allergen; anti-allergic agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist
fluocortin butyl ester fluocortin butyl ester: structure	5.62	5	4	corticosteroid hormone
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	7.9	26	9
adrenocorticotropin zinc [no description available]	4.33	2	2
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	1.99	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	4.39	1	1
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	6.24	7	2	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	1.99	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.31	4	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.	3.25	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	2.41	2	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	3.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	1.98	1	0
incb-018424 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
glycolipids [no description available]	3.09	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8.42	7	4
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	8.28	13	6
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	4.43	1	1
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	2.01	1	0	hydrate	antipsoriatic
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.17	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	1.99	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.41	1	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	5.27	3	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	6.74	8	1
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	12.45	24	9
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.16	1	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.1	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	4.2	5	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	3.78	2	1
tixocortol tixocortol: 21-thiol derivative of hydrocortisone. tixocortol : A steroid sulfide in which the sulfanyl group is at C-21 of a polyoxygenated derivative of pregn-4-ene.	3.07	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.64	3	2
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.03	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	1.98	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	3.04	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.21	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
4-imino-1,3-diazabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-one [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	3.25	1	0
eye [no description available]	6.86	4	2
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.39	2	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.1	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	12.78	40	16
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	12.78	40	16
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.13	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	28.23	1,836	818
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	28.23	1,836	818
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	12.79	28	13
Adrenoleukodystrophy An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).	2.31	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	12.79	28	13
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	7.04	6	2
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	9.71	11	5
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	14.2	44	16
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	14.2	44	16
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	7.02	8	4
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	18.27	100	49
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	18.27	100	49
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	5.75	4	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	5.75	4	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.16	17	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.54	2	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	3.89	2	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	5.97	7	4
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	5.97	7	4
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.41	4	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	6.8	9	3
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.62	6	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	6.8	9	3
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	4.62	6	1
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	7.35	10	2
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	10.29	32	20
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	9.19	20	4
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	9.19	20	4
Microscopic Colitis [description not available]	4	4	0
Colitis, Microscopic A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.	4	4	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	7.44	10	3
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	7.44	10	3
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	10.23	30	13
Diathesis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.25	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	18.74	183	64
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	5.04	5	2
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	11.63	42	17
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	18.74	183	64
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.25	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	5.04	5	2
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.92	2	1
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.92	2	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	12.52	24	9
Hay Fever [description not available]	18.77	169	112
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	8.45	13	5
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	18.77	169	112
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	8.45	13	5
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	6.35	5	3
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	3.8	1	1
Cacosmia [description not available]	5.72	7	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.31	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	4.21	3	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	7.73	11	4
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	7.73	11	4
Lymphocytic Colitis [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Colitis, Lymphocytic A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).	3.06	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	12.24	33	14
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	8.81	13	2
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	8.81	13	2
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	11.19	19	8
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	13.29	55	22
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	13.29	55	22
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	5.22	4	1
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	5.22	4	1
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	5.96	5	2
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	5.35	4	1
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	12.14	26	16
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	12.14	26	16
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	6.94	6	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	6.94	6	1
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	16.06	93	56
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	15.87	101	57
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	15.87	101	57
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	6.92	10	1
Vasomotor Rhinitis [description not available]	6.23	7	2
Rhinitis, Vasomotor A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.	6.23	7	2
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	6.92	10	1
Postintubation Croup [description not available]	6.13	4	1
Croup Inflammation involving the GLOTTIS or VOCAL CORDS and the subglottic larynx. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, HOARSENESS, and persistent inspiratory STRIDOR (a high-pitched breathing sound). It occurs chiefly in infants and children.	6.13	4	1
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.21	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	6.6	6	2
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.21	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	8.18	20	6
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	8.18	20	6
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	11.22	34	9
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	7.51	6	2
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	11.22	34	9
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	4.48	5	1
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Itching [description not available]	6.57	5	4
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	3.8	2	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	6.57	5	4
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	10.97	13	4
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	10.97	13	4
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	7.58	13	2
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	7.58	13	2
Preterm Birth [description not available]	4.77	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.92	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.92	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	11.22	31	5
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	4.77	2	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.08	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	5.85	4	2
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	7.4	6	3
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	5.85	4	2
Pouch Ileitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pouchitis Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).	2.1	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	8.57	20	9
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	8.57	20	9
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	4.73	2	1
Deficiency, IgG [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	14.77	56	22
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	4.73	2	1
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	10.53	20	7
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	10.53	20	7
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.44	2	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.1	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	7.28	7	6
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	7.28	7	6
Stunted Growth [description not available]	9.37	17	4
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	9.37	17	4
Sinus Infections [description not available]	10.62	17	7
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	10.62	17	7
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.48	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	4.33	4	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	4.33	4	1
Phimosis A condition in which the FORESKIN cannot be retracted to reveal the GLANS PENIS. It is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.	3.01	1	0
Tracheal Diseases Diseases involving the TRACHEA.	2.11	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	3.38	2	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	4.13	3	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	4.1	3	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	9.16	18	3
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	4.15	3	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	6	5	2
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	7.48	11	5
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	7.48	11	5
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.11	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	6.1	6	2
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	6.1	6	2
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	2.1	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	6.11	7	5
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	6.11	7	5
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.11	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	5.83	4	2
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	5.83	4	2
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	7.37	7	3
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	7.37	7	3
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	6.71	12	2
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	4.46	5	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	4.46	5	1
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.7	3	0
Dysphonia Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.	2.13	1	0
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	8.75	22	6
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	2.13	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	2.13	1	0
Granuloma of Larynx [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	3.32	2	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	10.52	12	6
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	12.54	27	7
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	12.54	27	7
Bone Fractures [description not available]	4.1	3	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	4.1	3	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	6.79	14	5
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.96	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	11.29	27	5
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	11.29	27	5
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)	3.43	1	1
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	4.83	4	2
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	4.83	4	2
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	4.09	3	1
Anasarca [description not available]	6.58	7	3
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	6.58	7	3
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	5.75	4	2
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	3.77	2	1
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.05	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	6.33	5	3
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	6.33	5	3
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	4.35	2	2
Cervical Fusion Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	2.42	2	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	9.16	11	7
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	2.05	1	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.05	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	3.34	2	0
Epulides [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	2.05	1	0
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.	2.42	2	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.06	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.06	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.06	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	2.98	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.81	4	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	2.98	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	5.04	3	1
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	5.7	4	1
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	5.7	4	1
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	5.7	4	1
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	5.7	4	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.45	1	1
Ache [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	4.74	2	1
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	6.35	9	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	3.46	1	1
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	3.46	1	1
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	3.46	1	1
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.07	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.07	1	0
Cutaneous Mastocytosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	2.07	1	0
Colonic Diverticulosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.07	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.07	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Anal Atresia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.4	2	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.07	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.07	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.73	3	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.07	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.07	1	0
Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.	2.07	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.07	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	5.76	4	2
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	4.78	2	1
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	4.78	2	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	5.76	4	2
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.07	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.07	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	6.46	17	3
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	6.46	17	3
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	3.46	1	1
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.08	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	5.74	2	2
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	5.74	2	2
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.	2.01	1	0
Mastocytosis, Systemic A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.	2.01	1	0
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Polychondritis, Relapsing An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.	2.01	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	6.3	14	3
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	6.3	14	3
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	10.55	16	7
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	4.75	4	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	10.55	16	7
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	4.75	4	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.01	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.01	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.01	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.01	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.01	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	2.42	2	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	11.57	33	10
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	2.01	1	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	6.24	4	2
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	6.24	4	2
Asthmatic Crisis [description not available]	5.19	6	2
Status Asthmaticus A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.	5.19	6	2
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.06	10	1
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	5.06	10	1
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	3.8	2	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	3.8	2	1
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.68	3	0
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.01	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	5.3	7	2
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	10.7	48	15
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	6.41	4	4
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	6.41	4	4
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	5.84	5	1
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	8.01	11	2
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	5.84	5	1
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	2.43	2	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	2.02	1	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.38	2	0
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Blood Diseases [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	3.41	1	1
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.39	2	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	3.41	1	1
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	6.58	7	3
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	2.94	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	4.31	4	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.03	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.7	3	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.03	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	7.21	19	6
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.21	19	6
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	5.32	7	2
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	2.94	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.98	5	0
Hypertrichosis Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.	2.03	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.39	2	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.03	1	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.03	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	2.03	1	0
Ethmoid Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the ETHMOID SINUS. It may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition.	6.13	4	1
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	4.06	3	1
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.95	1	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	2.95	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	4.07	3	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	7.16	18	6
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.43	1	1
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	1.95	1	0
Neurologic Voice Disorder [description not available]	5.36	5	1
Voice Disorders Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.	5.36	5	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	3.97	5	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.96	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	5.64	7	3
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	1.96	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	15.19	92	46
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	15.19	92	46
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	2.38	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	4.74	7	1
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	4.74	7	1
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.35	1	1
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	2.88	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	6.67	9	1
Hives [description not available]	4.96	3	1
Duhring Disease [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	2.88	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	3.79	4	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	6.67	9	1
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	4.96	3	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	3.57	3	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	9.16	26	13
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	9.16	26	13
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.76	8	3
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	1.96	1	0
Anthracosilicosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust that contains both CARBON and crystalline SILICON DIOXIDE. These foreign matters induce fibrous nodule formation in the lung.	1.96	1	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	1.96	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	1.96	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	2.87	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.87	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	3.77	2	1
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	2.36	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	3.98	5	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	4.75	7	1
Atelectasis [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	5.38	5	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	5.06	7	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	5.38	5	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.36	2	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	5.06	7	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	4.59	3	2
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	4.59	3	2
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	4.06	3	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	3.77	2	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	4.83	4	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.96	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.98	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2.69	3	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.37	2	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	8.82	18	8
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	8.82	18	8
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Acquired Nasal Deformities [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	4.05	3	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	1.98	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	3.37	1	1
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	3.37	1	1
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	2.37	2	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	4.32	2	2
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	4.32	2	2
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	1.98	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.38	2	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Rubeola [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.89	4	0
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	1.98	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.89	4	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	1.98	1	0
Mouth Breathing Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.	2.39	2	0
Asialia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	1.98	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.66	3	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	3.77	2	1
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	3.37	1	1
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	3.37	1	1
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	1.98	1	0
Acne [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.66	3	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.	4.6	6	1
Cramp [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	1.98	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	5.29	7	2
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	5.29	7	2
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	3.78	2	1
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.37	1	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.69	3	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.38	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.28	2	0
Laryngeal Spasm [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Laryngismus A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.	1.99	1	0
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	2.39	2	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	1.99	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	1.99	1	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	1.99	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	1.99	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	6.02	6	5
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	4.07	3	1
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	4.29	1	1
Duncan Disease [description not available]	4.29	1	1
Frontal Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.	4.29	1	1
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	4.29	1	1
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	4.29	1	1
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	1.99	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	1.99	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.4	2	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	1.99	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	2.91	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	2.91	1	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	3.38	1	1
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	3.38	1	1
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	3.38	1	1
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	3.38	1	1
Action Tremor [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	1.99	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.91	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	1.99	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.99	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	3.59	3	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	3.59	3	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	1.99	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	1.99	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	1.99	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	1.99	1	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	1.99	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2	1	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2	1	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	2	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	3.38	1	1
Bruise [description not available]	4.35	2	2
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	4.35	2	2
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	2	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	2	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.92	1	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	3.39	1	1
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.	2	1	0
Absence of Voice [description not available]	2	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.41	2	0
Emesis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	3.39	1	1
Allergic Angiitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.	2	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.92	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.92	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	2.92	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	3.39	1	1
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	3.33	1	1
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	1.95	1	0
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	1.95	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	1.95	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	4.26	4	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.26	4	1
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	1.95	1	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	1.95	1	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	3.27	2	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.74	2	1
Bleeding [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Infection [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	3.34	1	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	4.03	3	1
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	3.74	2	1
Ciliary Dyskinesia, Primary, 1 [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	1.95	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	1.95	1	0
Brown Lung [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.35	2	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	1.95	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1.95	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	3.75	2	1
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	2.37	2	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	1.95	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	1.98	1	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	1.97	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hemorrhage, Oral [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	1.97	1	0
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	1.97	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	4.96	3	3
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	4.96	3	3
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	1.97	1	0
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	1.97	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	2.38	2	0
Delayed Puberty [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	1.97	1	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	1.97	1	0
Edema, Laryngeal [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Laryngeal Edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.	3.35	1	1
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	1.97	1	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	1.97	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	1.96	1	0
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	1.96	1	0
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	1.96	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.86	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.33	1	1
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	3.33	1	1
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	2.64	3	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	1.94	1	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	1.95	1	0

(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one

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Research Demand Index: 6.05

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